Occurrence of Manganese Ore Deposits and Their Mineralogy in Vizianagaram-Visakhapatnam Manganese Ores Belt (Andhra Pradesh) India
ABSTRACT
The Manganese deposits of Andhra Pradesh are associated with a thick sequence of Precambrian rocks, belonging to Khondalite and Charnockite groups of Dharwar Supergroup that forms part of 2500 to 3000 m.y. old Eastern Ghat complex of India. The study area is the Manganese deposits of Vizianagram-Visakhapatnam Manganese Belt of Andhra Pradesh. The study area lies about 150 km NE of Visakhapatnam between 18°12′N - 18°30′N and 83°20′E - 83°45′E. The mineralization of Manganese ores is confined to different rock types, belonging to both Khondalite and Charnockite groups, where they are dispersed throughout the country rocks as small lenses, pockets, veins and irregular bodies of varying dimensions. Quartz, garnet, clay, limonite and apatite are the common gangue minerals in the Manganese ores. The presence of quartz, garnet and apatite brings down the grade of the ore. Ferruginous laterite and ochre generally work as capping of the Manganese deposits. The various Manganese ore minerals present in these deposits are indentified as 1) Primary minerals-braunite, bixbyite, vredenburgite, jacobsite and hausmannite, 2) secondary minerals-psilomelane, cryptomelane, hollandite, pyrolusite and wad. The primary ore minerals are considered to be syngenetic and regionally metamorphosed while, the associated secondary ore minerals are formed due to alteration of the primary ores.
The Manganese deposits of Andhra Pradesh are associated with a thick sequence of Precambrian rocks, belonging to Khondalite and Charnockite groups of Dharwar Supergroup that forms part of 2500 to 3000 m.y. old Eastern Ghat complex of India. The study area is the Manganese deposits of Vizianagram-Visakhapatnam Manganese Belt of Andhra Pradesh. The study area lies about 150 km NE of Visakhapatnam between 18°12′N - 18°30′N and 83°20′E - 83°45′E. The mineralization of Manganese ores is confined to different rock types, belonging to both Khondalite and Charnockite groups, where they are dispersed throughout the country rocks as small lenses, pockets, veins and irregular bodies of varying dimensions. Quartz, garnet, clay, limonite and apatite are the common gangue minerals in the Manganese ores. The presence of quartz, garnet and apatite brings down the grade of the ore. Ferruginous laterite and ochre generally work as capping of the Manganese deposits. The various Manganese ore minerals present in these deposits are indentified as 1) Primary minerals-braunite, bixbyite, vredenburgite, jacobsite and hausmannite, 2) secondary minerals-psilomelane, cryptomelane, hollandite, pyrolusite and wad. The primary ore minerals are considered to be syngenetic and regionally metamorphosed while, the associated secondary ore minerals are formed due to alteration of the primary ores.
KEYWORDS
Manganese Ore, Vizianagram, Andhra Pradesh, Dharwar Supergroup, Primary and Secondary Ores, Oxidation Zone, Ore Body, Open Cast Mine/Quarry
Manganese Ore, Vizianagram, Andhra Pradesh, Dharwar Supergroup, Primary and Secondary Ores, Oxidation Zone, Ore Body, Open Cast Mine/Quarry
Cite this paper
Siddiquie, F. , Alam, J. and Shaif, M. (2015) Occurrence of Manganese Ore Deposits and Their Mineralogy in Vizianagaram-Visakhapatnam Manganese Ores Belt (Andhra Pradesh) India. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 549-566. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.66043.
Siddiquie, F. , Alam, J. and Shaif, M. (2015) Occurrence of Manganese Ore Deposits and Their Mineralogy in Vizianagaram-Visakhapatnam Manganese Ores Belt (Andhra Pradesh) India. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 549-566. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.66043.
References
[1] Krishna Rao, J.S.R. (1963) Microscopic Examination of Manganese Ores of Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam Districts, A.P., India. Economic Geology, 58, 434-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.58.3.434 [2] Rao, G.V. (1969) The Geology and Manganese Ore Deposits of Parts of Vizakhapatnam (Visakhampatnam) Manganese Belt, Srikakulam District, A.P., India. Bulletin Geological Survey of India, A, 35, 129. [3] Siddiquie F.N. and Shaif Md. (2015). Geochemistry of Major Oxides in Host Rocks in Vizianagarm Manganese Ores Belt (A.P.), India. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 350-372.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2015.64028 [4] Krishna Rao, J.S.R. (1964) Association of Manganese Ores and the Khondalites in Eastern Ghat, India. Proceedings of 22nd International Geological Congress, 5, 229-238. [5] Krishna Rao, J.S.R. (1975) Some Problems on the Manganese Ore Deposits of A.P., India. Acta Mineralogica Petrographica, 22, 133-141. [6] Rao, S.V.G.K., Sarma, K., Jagannadhan, and Bhattacharya, S. (1981). Potential and characteristics of low grade manganese ores in north coastal, A.P., India. In: Proceeding of International Symposium on Beneficiation and Agglomeration, Bhubaneswar, India, January 1991, 2.10a.1-2.10a.6. [7] Sharma, N.L., Ali, Imam. and Perraju, P. (1974) Geology of Parts of Srikakulam, Chipurupalli and Palakonda Taluks, Srikakulam District, A.P., India. Unpublished Report, Geological Survey of India, Calcutta. [8] Siddiquie, F.N. (1986) Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese Ore Deposits of Srikakulam District (Andhra Pradesh), India. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Geology Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 253 p. [9] Siddiquie, F.N. (2000) On the Occurrence of Lepocinclis from Khondalites of Srikakulam District (A.P.). Bull. of the Indian Geologist’s Association, Chandigarh, 33, 63-68. [10] The Indian Express (2002) Geologists Discovers New Alga. Science Talk, March 21st, p. 7. [11] Siddiquie, F.N. (2003) Some Modification in the Stratigraphy of Manganese Bearing Formations, Srikakulam District (A.P.), India. Journal of Science and Technology, 11, 137-154. [12] Siddiquie, F.N. (2004) Metallogenesis of Manganese Ores of Srikakulam-Visakhapatnam Belt. Icon Publication Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 194 p. [13] Straczek, J.A. and Krishanswamy, S. (1956) Manganese Ore Deposits of the Vizagapatnam (Visakhapatnam) District, A.P., India. Proceedings of the 20th International Geological Congress, Mexico, D. F., Symposium del Manganeso, 4, 141-157. [14] Hewett, D.F. and Fleischer, M. (1960) Deposits of Manganese Oxides. Economic Geology, 55, 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.55.1.1 [15] Richmond, W.E. and Fleischer, M. (1942) Cryptomelane, a New Name for the Commonest of the “Psilomelane” Minerals. American Mineral, 27, 608. [16] Wadsley, A.D. (1968) Mineralogy of the Different Genetic Types of Manganese Deposits. Economic Geology, 63, 760-786. [17] Wadsley, A.D. (1953) The Crystal Structure of Psilomelane, (Ba, H2O)2Mn5O10. Acta Crystallographica, 6, 433-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X53001277 [18] Fleishcer, M. and Richmond, W.E. (1943) The Manganese Oxide Minerals. Economic Geology, 38, 269-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.38.4.269 [19] Muan, A. (1959) Stability Relations among Some Manganese Minerals. American Mineralogist, 44, 946-960. [20] Fermor, L.L. (1909) Manganese Ore Deposits of India. Memoir of Geological Survey of India, 37, 272. [21] Sen, B. (1951) Manganese Ores of Keonjhar. Transactions of the Mining, Geological and Metallurgical Institute of India, 47, 85-113. [22] Rasul, S.H. (1964) A Note on the Occurrence of Manganese Tabloids and Boodinages in the Aravalli Phyllites of Bamankua and Shivrajpur, Gujarat. Current Science, 33, 617. [23] Siddiquie, F.N. and Raza, M. (2008) Geochemical Environment & Metallogenesis of Manganese Ores of Srikakulam-Visakhapatnam Manganese Belt (A.P.). Proceedings of the 24th Convention and National Seminar on Sedimentary Basin of India and Their Economic Resources, Aligarh, 4-6 March 2008., 86-87. [24] Siddiquie, F.N. and Bhat, S.H. (2010) Rainwater Harvesting in Abandoned Manganese Mines of Vizianagram-A Geoenvironmental and Geomedical Concern. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Water Conservation and Rainwater Harvesting Techniques to Augment the Ground Water and Its Impact on Environment, Aligarh, 5 June 2010, 6. [25] Harker, A. (1932) Textbook on Metamorphism. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 181 p. [26] Schneiderhohn, H. (1932) Minerlbestand und Gefuge der Manganerze von Postmasburg, Sudwestafrika. Neues Jahrbuch, 64, 701-726. [27] Siddiquie, F.N., Ali, S.A., Bhat, S.H. and Burhamuddin, K. (2015) Genetic Association of Cu, Ni and Cr with the Manganese Ores of Vizianagram District, A.P., India. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, 7, 66-77. [28] Siddiquie, F.N. (2001) Source of Unusually High P2O5 in Manganese Ores of Srikakulam District (A.P.), India. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, 3, 78-84. [29] Siddiquie, F.N. and Raza, M. (1990) Major and Trace Elements Variability in Manganese Ores of Srikakulam District (A.P.). Indian Geologist’s Association, Chandigarh, 99-109.
[1] Krishna Rao, J.S.R. (1963) Microscopic Examination of Manganese Ores of Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam Districts, A.P., India. Economic Geology, 58, 434-440. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.58.3.434 [2] Rao, G.V. (1969) The Geology and Manganese Ore Deposits of Parts of Vizakhapatnam (Visakhampatnam) Manganese Belt, Srikakulam District, A.P., India. Bulletin Geological Survey of India, A, 35, 129. [3] Siddiquie F.N. and Shaif Md. (2015). Geochemistry of Major Oxides in Host Rocks in Vizianagarm Manganese Ores Belt (A.P.), India. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 350-372.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2015.64028 [4] Krishna Rao, J.S.R. (1964) Association of Manganese Ores and the Khondalites in Eastern Ghat, India. Proceedings of 22nd International Geological Congress, 5, 229-238. [5] Krishna Rao, J.S.R. (1975) Some Problems on the Manganese Ore Deposits of A.P., India. Acta Mineralogica Petrographica, 22, 133-141. [6] Rao, S.V.G.K., Sarma, K., Jagannadhan, and Bhattacharya, S. (1981). Potential and characteristics of low grade manganese ores in north coastal, A.P., India. In: Proceeding of International Symposium on Beneficiation and Agglomeration, Bhubaneswar, India, January 1991, 2.10a.1-2.10a.6. [7] Sharma, N.L., Ali, Imam. and Perraju, P. (1974) Geology of Parts of Srikakulam, Chipurupalli and Palakonda Taluks, Srikakulam District, A.P., India. Unpublished Report, Geological Survey of India, Calcutta. [8] Siddiquie, F.N. (1986) Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese Ore Deposits of Srikakulam District (Andhra Pradesh), India. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Geology Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 253 p. [9] Siddiquie, F.N. (2000) On the Occurrence of Lepocinclis from Khondalites of Srikakulam District (A.P.). Bull. of the Indian Geologist’s Association, Chandigarh, 33, 63-68. [10] The Indian Express (2002) Geologists Discovers New Alga. Science Talk, March 21st, p. 7. [11] Siddiquie, F.N. (2003) Some Modification in the Stratigraphy of Manganese Bearing Formations, Srikakulam District (A.P.), India. Journal of Science and Technology, 11, 137-154. [12] Siddiquie, F.N. (2004) Metallogenesis of Manganese Ores of Srikakulam-Visakhapatnam Belt. Icon Publication Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 194 p. [13] Straczek, J.A. and Krishanswamy, S. (1956) Manganese Ore Deposits of the Vizagapatnam (Visakhapatnam) District, A.P., India. Proceedings of the 20th International Geological Congress, Mexico, D. F., Symposium del Manganeso, 4, 141-157. [14] Hewett, D.F. and Fleischer, M. (1960) Deposits of Manganese Oxides. Economic Geology, 55, 1-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.55.1.1 [15] Richmond, W.E. and Fleischer, M. (1942) Cryptomelane, a New Name for the Commonest of the “Psilomelane” Minerals. American Mineral, 27, 608. [16] Wadsley, A.D. (1968) Mineralogy of the Different Genetic Types of Manganese Deposits. Economic Geology, 63, 760-786. [17] Wadsley, A.D. (1953) The Crystal Structure of Psilomelane, (Ba, H2O)2Mn5O10. Acta Crystallographica, 6, 433-438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0365110X53001277 [18] Fleishcer, M. and Richmond, W.E. (1943) The Manganese Oxide Minerals. Economic Geology, 38, 269-286. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.38.4.269 [19] Muan, A. (1959) Stability Relations among Some Manganese Minerals. American Mineralogist, 44, 946-960. [20] Fermor, L.L. (1909) Manganese Ore Deposits of India. Memoir of Geological Survey of India, 37, 272. [21] Sen, B. (1951) Manganese Ores of Keonjhar. Transactions of the Mining, Geological and Metallurgical Institute of India, 47, 85-113. [22] Rasul, S.H. (1964) A Note on the Occurrence of Manganese Tabloids and Boodinages in the Aravalli Phyllites of Bamankua and Shivrajpur, Gujarat. Current Science, 33, 617. [23] Siddiquie, F.N. and Raza, M. (2008) Geochemical Environment & Metallogenesis of Manganese Ores of Srikakulam-Visakhapatnam Manganese Belt (A.P.). Proceedings of the 24th Convention and National Seminar on Sedimentary Basin of India and Their Economic Resources, Aligarh, 4-6 March 2008., 86-87. [24] Siddiquie, F.N. and Bhat, S.H. (2010) Rainwater Harvesting in Abandoned Manganese Mines of Vizianagram-A Geoenvironmental and Geomedical Concern. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on Water Conservation and Rainwater Harvesting Techniques to Augment the Ground Water and Its Impact on Environment, Aligarh, 5 June 2010, 6. [25] Harker, A. (1932) Textbook on Metamorphism. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London, 181 p. [26] Schneiderhohn, H. (1932) Minerlbestand und Gefuge der Manganerze von Postmasburg, Sudwestafrika. Neues Jahrbuch, 64, 701-726. [27] Siddiquie, F.N., Ali, S.A., Bhat, S.H. and Burhamuddin, K. (2015) Genetic Association of Cu, Ni and Cr with the Manganese Ores of Vizianagram District, A.P., India. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, 7, 66-77. [28] Siddiquie, F.N. (2001) Source of Unusually High P2O5 in Manganese Ores of Srikakulam District (A.P.), India. Journal of Applied Geochemistry, 3, 78-84. [29] Siddiquie, F.N. and Raza, M. (1990) Major and Trace Elements Variability in Manganese Ores of Srikakulam District (A.P.). Indian Geologist’s Association, Chandigarh, 99-109.