Self-Sensing TDR for Bearing Failure Detection of CFRP Laminate Fastener Hole with Particular Reference to the Effect of Fasteners
Affiliation(s)
1 Department of Mechanical Sciences of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. 2 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.
1 Department of Mechanical Sciences of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. 2 Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan. 3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.
ABSTRACT
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) have been applied to aerospace and automobile structures. For many CFRP structures, mechanical metallic fasteners are usually adopted. For the fasteners used in internal structures such as a wing box, the damage to the CFRP structures around fastener holes is visually quite difficult to find. A simple method to find the damage around fastener holes is required. In this study a self-sensing time domain reflectometry (TDR) method is newly applied to detect bearing failure around the fastener holes of CFRP structures. A microstrip-line method is generally used to create a transmission line. When the transmission line is mounted near the metallic fasteners, they may affect the impedance of the transmission line. In this study, the effect of distance between the fasteners and the transmission line was numerically investigated using a finite difference time domain analysis method. After finding the appropriate distance, experiments were performed to detect the bearing failure around a fastener hole. The experiments showed the performance of the self-sensing TDR for detecting bearing failure.
Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) have been applied to aerospace and automobile structures. For many CFRP structures, mechanical metallic fasteners are usually adopted. For the fasteners used in internal structures such as a wing box, the damage to the CFRP structures around fastener holes is visually quite difficult to find. A simple method to find the damage around fastener holes is required. In this study a self-sensing time domain reflectometry (TDR) method is newly applied to detect bearing failure around the fastener holes of CFRP structures. A microstrip-line method is generally used to create a transmission line. When the transmission line is mounted near the metallic fasteners, they may affect the impedance of the transmission line. In this study, the effect of distance between the fasteners and the transmission line was numerically investigated using a finite difference time domain analysis method. After finding the appropriate distance, experiments were performed to detect the bearing failure around a fastener hole. The experiments showed the performance of the self-sensing TDR for detecting bearing failure.
KEYWORDS
Composites, Time Domain Reflectometry, Self-Sensing, Bearing Failure, Fasteners, Monitoring
Composites, Time Domain Reflectometry, Self-Sensing, Bearing Failure, Fasteners, Monitoring
Cite this paper
Todoroki, A. , Ohara, K. , Mizutani, Y. , Suzuki, Y. and Matsuzaki, R. (2015) Self-Sensing TDR for Bearing Failure Detection of CFRP Laminate Fastener Hole with Particular Reference to the Effect of Fasteners. Open Journal of Composite Materials, 5, 60-69. doi: 10.4236/ojcm.2015.53009.
Todoroki, A. , Ohara, K. , Mizutani, Y. , Suzuki, Y. and Matsuzaki, R. (2015) Self-Sensing TDR for Bearing Failure Detection of CFRP Laminate Fastener Hole with Particular Reference to the Effect of Fasteners. Open Journal of Composite Materials, 5, 60-69. doi: 10.4236/ojcm.2015.53009.
References
[1] Thoppul, S.D., Finegan J. and Gibson R.F. (2009) Mechanics of Mechanically Fastened Joints in Polymer-Matrix Composite Structures—A Review. Composites Science and Technology, 69, 301-329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.09.037 [2] Galea, S.C., Chiu, W.K. and Paul, J.J. (1993) Use of Piezoelectric Films in Detecting and Monitoring Damage in Composites. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 4, 330-336.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389X9300400305 [3] Ihn, J.B. and Chang, F.K. (2004) Detection and Monitoring of Hidden Fatigue Crack Growth Using a Built-In Piezoelectric Sensor/Actuator Network: II. Validation Using Riveted Joints and Repair Patches. Smart Materials and Structures, 13, 621-630.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/13/3/020 [4] Thostenson, E.T. and Chou, T.W. (2008) Carbon Nanotube-Based Health Monitoring of Mechanically Fastened Composite Joints. Composites Science and Technology, 68, 2557-2561.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.05.016 [5] Korokawa, H., Todoroki, A. and Mizutani, Y. (2012) Damage Monitoring of CFRP Plate Using Self-Sensing TDR Method. Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering, 6, 1053-1061.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmmp.6.1053 [6] Korokawa, H., Todoroki, A. and Mizutani, Y. (2012) Numerical Simulation of Self-Sensing Time Domain Reflectometry for Damage Detection of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Plate. Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering, 6, 1062-1071.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmmp.6.1062 [7] Todoroki, A., Kurokawa, H., Mizutani, Y., Matsuzaki, R. and Yasuoka, T. (2014) Self-Sensing Time Domain Reflectometry Method for Damage Monitoring of a CFRP Plate Using a Narrow-Strip Transmission Line. Composites Part B: Engineering, 58, 59-65.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.10.047 [8] Todoroki, A., Yamada, K., Mizutani, Y., Suzuki, Y., Matsuzaki, R. and Fujita, H. (2014) Self-Sensing Curved Micro- Strip Line Method for Damage Detection of CFRP Composites. Open Journal of Composite Materials, 4, 131-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojcm.2014.43015 [9] Matsuzaki, R., Nozawa, Y., Todoroki, A. and Kawasaki, M. (2014) Crack Visualization of Metallic Structures Using Time-Domain Reflectometry with Two-Dimensional Micro Strip Lines. NDT & E International, 66, 34-42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2014.04.007 [10] Chen, G.D., Sun, S.S., Pommerenke, D., Drewniak, J.L., Greene, G.G., McDaniel, R.D., Belarbi, A. and Mu, H.M. (2005) Crack Detection of a Full-Scale Reinforced Concrete Girder with a Distributed Cable Sensor. Smart Materials and Structures, 14, S88-S97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/14/3/011 [11] Lin, M.W., Thaduri, J. and Abatan, A.O. (2005) Development of an Electrical Time Domain Reflectometry (ETDR) Distributed Strain Sensor. Measurement Science and Technology, 16, 1495-1505.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/16/7/012 [12] Yankielun, N. and Zabilansky, L. (1999) Laboratory Investigation of Time-Domain Reflectometry System for Monitoring Bridge Scour. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 125, 1279-1284.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:12(1279) [13] Obaid, A.A., Yarlagadda, S., Yoon, M.K., Hager, N.E. and Domszy, R.C. (2006) A Time-Domain Reflectometry Method for Automated Measurement of Crack Propagation in Composites during Mode I DCB Testing. Journal of Composite Materials, 40, 2047-2066.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998306061309 [14] Mur, G. (1981) Absorbing Boundary Conditions for the Finite-Difference Approximation of the Time-Domain Electromagnetic-Field Equations. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC-23, 377-382.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.1981.303970 [15] Wadell, B.C. (1991) Transmission Line Design Handbook. Artech House Inc., Norwood, 298-299. [16] Hirano, Y., Katsumata, S., Iwahori, Y. and Todoroki, A. (2010) Artificial Lightning Testing on Graphite/Epoxy Composite Laminate. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 41, 1461-1470.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.06.008
[1] Thoppul, S.D., Finegan J. and Gibson R.F. (2009) Mechanics of Mechanically Fastened Joints in Polymer-Matrix Composite Structures—A Review. Composites Science and Technology, 69, 301-329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.09.037 [2] Galea, S.C., Chiu, W.K. and Paul, J.J. (1993) Use of Piezoelectric Films in Detecting and Monitoring Damage in Composites. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 4, 330-336.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389X9300400305 [3] Ihn, J.B. and Chang, F.K. (2004) Detection and Monitoring of Hidden Fatigue Crack Growth Using a Built-In Piezoelectric Sensor/Actuator Network: II. Validation Using Riveted Joints and Repair Patches. Smart Materials and Structures, 13, 621-630.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/13/3/020 [4] Thostenson, E.T. and Chou, T.W. (2008) Carbon Nanotube-Based Health Monitoring of Mechanically Fastened Composite Joints. Composites Science and Technology, 68, 2557-2561.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.05.016 [5] Korokawa, H., Todoroki, A. and Mizutani, Y. (2012) Damage Monitoring of CFRP Plate Using Self-Sensing TDR Method. Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering, 6, 1053-1061.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmmp.6.1053 [6] Korokawa, H., Todoroki, A. and Mizutani, Y. (2012) Numerical Simulation of Self-Sensing Time Domain Reflectometry for Damage Detection of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Plate. Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering, 6, 1062-1071.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmmp.6.1062 [7] Todoroki, A., Kurokawa, H., Mizutani, Y., Matsuzaki, R. and Yasuoka, T. (2014) Self-Sensing Time Domain Reflectometry Method for Damage Monitoring of a CFRP Plate Using a Narrow-Strip Transmission Line. Composites Part B: Engineering, 58, 59-65.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.10.047 [8] Todoroki, A., Yamada, K., Mizutani, Y., Suzuki, Y., Matsuzaki, R. and Fujita, H. (2014) Self-Sensing Curved Micro- Strip Line Method for Damage Detection of CFRP Composites. Open Journal of Composite Materials, 4, 131-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojcm.2014.43015 [9] Matsuzaki, R., Nozawa, Y., Todoroki, A. and Kawasaki, M. (2014) Crack Visualization of Metallic Structures Using Time-Domain Reflectometry with Two-Dimensional Micro Strip Lines. NDT & E International, 66, 34-42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2014.04.007 [10] Chen, G.D., Sun, S.S., Pommerenke, D., Drewniak, J.L., Greene, G.G., McDaniel, R.D., Belarbi, A. and Mu, H.M. (2005) Crack Detection of a Full-Scale Reinforced Concrete Girder with a Distributed Cable Sensor. Smart Materials and Structures, 14, S88-S97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0964-1726/14/3/011 [11] Lin, M.W., Thaduri, J. and Abatan, A.O. (2005) Development of an Electrical Time Domain Reflectometry (ETDR) Distributed Strain Sensor. Measurement Science and Technology, 16, 1495-1505.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/16/7/012 [12] Yankielun, N. and Zabilansky, L. (1999) Laboratory Investigation of Time-Domain Reflectometry System for Monitoring Bridge Scour. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 125, 1279-1284.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:12(1279) [13] Obaid, A.A., Yarlagadda, S., Yoon, M.K., Hager, N.E. and Domszy, R.C. (2006) A Time-Domain Reflectometry Method for Automated Measurement of Crack Propagation in Composites during Mode I DCB Testing. Journal of Composite Materials, 40, 2047-2066.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998306061309 [14] Mur, G. (1981) Absorbing Boundary Conditions for the Finite-Difference Approximation of the Time-Domain Electromagnetic-Field Equations. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC-23, 377-382.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEMC.1981.303970 [15] Wadell, B.C. (1991) Transmission Line Design Handbook. Artech House Inc., Norwood, 298-299. [16] Hirano, Y., Katsumata, S., Iwahori, Y. and Todoroki, A. (2010) Artificial Lightning Testing on Graphite/Epoxy Composite Laminate. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 41, 1461-1470.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.06.008