Visualization of Magnetic Nanofibers Using Magnetic Particle Imaging
ABSTRACT
Purpose: Magnetic nanofibers (MNFs) are nanofibers impregnated with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a recently introduced imaging method that allows im-aging of the spatial distribution of MNPs. The purpose of this study was to develop MNFs and to investigate the feasibility of visualizing them using MPI and of heating them using an alternating magnetic field (AMF). Materials and Methods: First, chitosan nanofibers were cross-linked with glu-taraldehyde vapor in a sealed vial for 24 hours. Next, they were mixed with various concentrations of MNPs and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour using a magnetic stirrer. After the mixture was re-frigerated at –80℃ for 24 hours, it was freeze-dried for 24 hours. The morphology of the resultant MNFs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and the magnetic properties were meas-ured using a vibrating sample magnetometer. After these measurements, we imaged the MNFs us-ing our MPI scanner, and investigated the correlation between the pixel values of the MPI image and the concentration of MNPs or the number of MNF sheets. We also heated the MNFs using AMF, and measured the temperature rise using an infrared thermometer. Results: The MNFs were suc-cessfully visualized using our MPI scanner, and the pixel values of the MPI image showed excellent correlation with the concentration of MNPs (r = 0.992) and the number of MNF sheets (r = 0.997). A significant temperature rise was observed under AMF, and the initial slope of the time-dependent temperature rise showed excellent correlation with the concentration of MNPs (r = 0.994) and the number of MNF sheets (r = 0.979). Conclusion: The MNFs developed in this study can be visualized using MPI and can be applied to magnetic hyperthermia. They will be useful in biomedicine including cancer therapy and tissue regeneration.
Purpose: Magnetic nanofibers (MNFs) are nanofibers impregnated with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is a recently introduced imaging method that allows im-aging of the spatial distribution of MNPs. The purpose of this study was to develop MNFs and to investigate the feasibility of visualizing them using MPI and of heating them using an alternating magnetic field (AMF). Materials and Methods: First, chitosan nanofibers were cross-linked with glu-taraldehyde vapor in a sealed vial for 24 hours. Next, they were mixed with various concentrations of MNPs and the mixture was stirred for 1 hour using a magnetic stirrer. After the mixture was re-frigerated at –80℃ for 24 hours, it was freeze-dried for 24 hours. The morphology of the resultant MNFs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and the magnetic properties were meas-ured using a vibrating sample magnetometer. After these measurements, we imaged the MNFs us-ing our MPI scanner, and investigated the correlation between the pixel values of the MPI image and the concentration of MNPs or the number of MNF sheets. We also heated the MNFs using AMF, and measured the temperature rise using an infrared thermometer. Results: The MNFs were suc-cessfully visualized using our MPI scanner, and the pixel values of the MPI image showed excellent correlation with the concentration of MNPs (r = 0.992) and the number of MNF sheets (r = 0.997). A significant temperature rise was observed under AMF, and the initial slope of the time-dependent temperature rise showed excellent correlation with the concentration of MNPs (r = 0.994) and the number of MNF sheets (r = 0.979). Conclusion: The MNFs developed in this study can be visualized using MPI and can be applied to magnetic hyperthermia. They will be useful in biomedicine including cancer therapy and tissue regeneration.
KEYWORDS
Magnetic Nanofibers, Magnetic Particle Imaging, Magnetic Nanoparticles, Magnetic Hyperthermia
Magnetic Nanofibers, Magnetic Particle Imaging, Magnetic Nanoparticles, Magnetic Hyperthermia
Cite this paper
Murase, K. , Mimura, A. , Banura, N. , Nishimoto, K. and Takata, H. (2015) Visualization of Magnetic Nanofibers Using Magnetic Particle Imaging. Open Journal of Medical Imaging, 5, 56-65. doi: 10.4236/ojmi.2015.52009.
Murase, K. , Mimura, A. , Banura, N. , Nishimoto, K. and Takata, H. (2015) Visualization of Magnetic Nanofibers Using Magnetic Particle Imaging. Open Journal of Medical Imaging, 5, 56-65. doi: 10.4236/ojmi.2015.52009.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.045 [6] Lin, T.C., Lin, F.H. and Lin, J.C. (2012) In Vitro Feasibility Study of the Use of a Magnetic Electrospun Chitosan Nanofiber Composite for Hyperthermia Treatment of Tumor Cells. Acta Biomaterialia, 8, 2704-2711.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.045 [7] Gleich, B. and Weizenecker, J. (2005) Tomographic Imaging Using the Nonlinear Response of Magnetic Particles. Nature, 435, 1214-1217.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03808 [8] Goodwill, P.W., Konkle, J.J., Zheng, B., Saritas, E.U. and Conolly, S.M. (2012) Projection X-Space Magnetic Particle Imaging. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 31, 1076-1085.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2012.2185247 [9] Murase, K., Hiratsuka, S., Song, R. and Takeuchi, Y. (2014) Development of a System for Magnetic Particle Imaging Using Neodymium Magnets and Gradiometer. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 53, Article ID: 067001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.53.067001 [10] Murase, K., Song, R. and Hiratsuka, S. (2014) Magnetic Particle Imaging of Blood Coagulation. Applied Physics Letters, 104, Article ID: 252409.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4885146 [11] Dutta, A.K., Kawamoto, N., Sugino, G., Izawa, H., Morimoto, M., Saimoto, H. and Ifuku, S. (2013) Simple Preparation of Chitosan Nanofibers from Dry Chitosan Powder by the Start Burst System. Carbohydrate Polymers, 97, 363-367.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.010 [12] Murase, K., Konishi, T., Takeuchi, Y., Takata, H. and Saito, S. (2013) Experimental and Simulation Studies on the Be- havior of Signal Harmonics in Magnetic Particle Imaging. Radiological Physics and Technology, 6, 399-414.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12194-013-0213-6 [13] Murase, K., Banura, N., Mimura, A. and Nishimoto, K. (2015) Simple and Practical Method for Correcting the Inhomogeneous Sensitivity of a Receiving Coil in Magnetic Particle Imaging. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 54, Article ID: 038001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.54.038001 [14] Murase, K., Oonoki, J., Takata, H., Song, R., Angraini, A., Ausanai, P. and Matsushita, T. (2011) Simulation and Experimental Studies on Magnetic Hyperthermia with Use of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Radiological Physics and Technology, 4, 194-202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12194-011-0123-4 [15] Box, G.E.P. and Lucas, H.L. (1959) Design of Experiments in Nonlinear Situations. Biometrika, 46, 77-90.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/46.1-2.77 [16] Murase, K., Takata, H., Takeuchi, Y. and Saito, S. (2013) Control of the Temperature Rise in Magnetic Hyperthermia with Use of a Static Magnetic Field. Physica Medica, 29, 624-630.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2012.08.005 [17] Robson, M.D., Gatehouse, P.D., Bydder, M. and Bydder, G.M. (2003) Magnetic Resonance: An Introduction to Ultrashort TE (UTE) Imaging. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 27, 825-846.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004728-200311000-00001 [18] Idiyatullin, D., Corum, C., Park, J.Y. and Garwood, M. (2006) Fast and Quiet MRI Using a Swept Radiofrequency. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 181, 342-349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2006.05.014 [19] Zhang, J.J., Chamberlain, R., Etheridge, M., Idiyatullin, D., Corum, C., Bischof, J. and Garwood, M. (2014) Quantifying Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles at High Concentration Based on Longitudinal Relaxation Using a Three-Dimensional SWIFT Look-Locker Sequence. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 71, 1982-1988.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.25181 [20] Hoopes, P.J., Petryk, A.A., Tate, J.A., Savellano, M.S., Strawbridge, R.R., Giustini, A.J., Stan, R.V., Gimi, B. and Garwood, M. (2013) Imaging and Modification of the Tumor Vascular Barrier for Improvement in Magnetic Nanoparticle Uptake and Hyperthermia Treatment Efficacy. Proceedings SPIE Energy-Based Treatment of Tissue and Assessment VII, 8584, Article ID: 858403.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2008689 [21] Kim, Y.J., Ebara, M. and Aoyagi, T. (2013) A Smart Hyperthermia Nanofiber with Switchable Drug Release for Inducing Cancer Apoptosis. Advanced Functional Materials, 23, 5753-5761.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201300746
[1] Bock, N., Riminucci, A., Dionigi, C., Russo, A., Tampieri, A., Landi, E., Goranov, A.A., Marcacci, M. and Dediu, V. (2010) A Novel Route in Bone Tissue Engineering: Magnetic Biomimetic Scaffolds. Acta Biomaterialia, 6, 786-796.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2009.09.017 [2] Giannoudis, P.V., Einhorn, T.A. and Marsh, D. (2007) Fracture Healing: The Diamond Concept. Injury, 38, S3-S6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-1383(08)70003-2 [3] Meng, J., Xiao, B., Zhang, Y., Liu, J., Xue, H., Lei, J., Kong, H., Huang, Y., Jin, Z., Gu, N. and Xu, H. (2013) Super-Paramagnetic Responsive Nanofibrous Scaffolds under Static Magnetic Field Enhance Osteogenesis for Bone Repair in Vivo. Scientific Reports, 3, Article No. 2655.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep02655 [4] Li, G., Feng, S. and Zhou, D. (2011) Magnetic Bioactive Glass Ceramic in the System CaO-P2O5-SiO2-MaO-CaF2- MnO2-Fe2O3 for Hyperthermia Treatment of Bone Tumor. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 22, 2197-2206.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10856-011-4417-1 [5] Matsumine, A., Kusuzaki, K., Matsubara, T., Shintani, K., Satonaka, H., Wakabayashi, T., Miyazaki, S., Morita, K., Takegami, K. and Uchida, A. (2007) Novel Hyperthermia for Metastatic Bone Tumors with Magnetic Materials by Generating an Alternating Electromagnetic Field. Clinical and Experimental Metastasis, 24, 191-200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.045 [6] Lin, T.C., Lin, F.H. and Lin, J.C. (2012) In Vitro Feasibility Study of the Use of a Magnetic Electrospun Chitosan Nanofiber Composite for Hyperthermia Treatment of Tumor Cells. Acta Biomaterialia, 8, 2704-2711.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2012.03.045 [7] Gleich, B. and Weizenecker, J. (2005) Tomographic Imaging Using the Nonlinear Response of Magnetic Particles. Nature, 435, 1214-1217.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03808 [8] Goodwill, P.W., Konkle, J.J., Zheng, B., Saritas, E.U. and Conolly, S.M. (2012) Projection X-Space Magnetic Particle Imaging. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 31, 1076-1085.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2012.2185247 [9] Murase, K., Hiratsuka, S., Song, R. and Takeuchi, Y. (2014) Development of a System for Magnetic Particle Imaging Using Neodymium Magnets and Gradiometer. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 53, Article ID: 067001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.53.067001 [10] Murase, K., Song, R. and Hiratsuka, S. (2014) Magnetic Particle Imaging of Blood Coagulation. Applied Physics Letters, 104, Article ID: 252409.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4885146 [11] Dutta, A.K., Kawamoto, N., Sugino, G., Izawa, H., Morimoto, M., Saimoto, H. and Ifuku, S. (2013) Simple Preparation of Chitosan Nanofibers from Dry Chitosan Powder by the Start Burst System. Carbohydrate Polymers, 97, 363-367.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.05.010 [12] Murase, K., Konishi, T., Takeuchi, Y., Takata, H. and Saito, S. (2013) Experimental and Simulation Studies on the Be- havior of Signal Harmonics in Magnetic Particle Imaging. Radiological Physics and Technology, 6, 399-414.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12194-013-0213-6 [13] Murase, K., Banura, N., Mimura, A. and Nishimoto, K. (2015) Simple and Practical Method for Correcting the Inhomogeneous Sensitivity of a Receiving Coil in Magnetic Particle Imaging. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 54, Article ID: 038001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.54.038001 [14] Murase, K., Oonoki, J., Takata, H., Song, R., Angraini, A., Ausanai, P. and Matsushita, T. (2011) Simulation and Experimental Studies on Magnetic Hyperthermia with Use of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Radiological Physics and Technology, 4, 194-202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12194-011-0123-4 [15] Box, G.E.P. and Lucas, H.L. (1959) Design of Experiments in Nonlinear Situations. Biometrika, 46, 77-90.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biomet/46.1-2.77 [16] Murase, K., Takata, H., Takeuchi, Y. and Saito, S. (2013) Control of the Temperature Rise in Magnetic Hyperthermia with Use of a Static Magnetic Field. Physica Medica, 29, 624-630.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2012.08.005 [17] Robson, M.D., Gatehouse, P.D., Bydder, M. and Bydder, G.M. (2003) Magnetic Resonance: An Introduction to Ultrashort TE (UTE) Imaging. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 27, 825-846.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004728-200311000-00001 [18] Idiyatullin, D., Corum, C., Park, J.Y. and Garwood, M. (2006) Fast and Quiet MRI Using a Swept Radiofrequency. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 181, 342-349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2006.05.014 [19] Zhang, J.J., Chamberlain, R., Etheridge, M., Idiyatullin, D., Corum, C., Bischof, J. and Garwood, M. (2014) Quantifying Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles at High Concentration Based on Longitudinal Relaxation Using a Three-Dimensional SWIFT Look-Locker Sequence. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 71, 1982-1988.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.25181 [20] Hoopes, P.J., Petryk, A.A., Tate, J.A., Savellano, M.S., Strawbridge, R.R., Giustini, A.J., Stan, R.V., Gimi, B. and Garwood, M. (2013) Imaging and Modification of the Tumor Vascular Barrier for Improvement in Magnetic Nanoparticle Uptake and Hyperthermia Treatment Efficacy. Proceedings SPIE Energy-Based Treatment of Tissue and Assessment VII, 8584, Article ID: 858403.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2008689 [21] Kim, Y.J., Ebara, M. and Aoyagi, T. (2013) A Smart Hyperthermia Nanofiber with Switchable Drug Release for Inducing Cancer Apoptosis. Advanced Functional Materials, 23, 5753-5761.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201300746