Research on the Structure of Principal’s Moral Leadership in Middle Schools in Mainland China
Affiliation(s)
1 School of Public Administration, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China. 2 Shunde Li Zhaoji Middle School, Foshan, China. 3 Zhanjiang Commercial Bank, Zhanjiang, China.
1 School of Public Administration, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China. 2 Shunde Li Zhaoji Middle School, Foshan, China. 3 Zhanjiang Commercial Bank, Zhanjiang, China.
ABSTRACT
Through literature review, interviews and open questionnaires, we develop a Middle School Principals’ Moral Leadership Scale (SPMLS) which suits the Chinese cultural background. Exploratory Factor Analysis ( EFA) of a sample of 92 valid questionnaires shows that the moral leadership of middle school principals takes on a clear five-dimensioned model with factors named Fairness and Justice, Interpersonal Care, Integrity and Commitment, Virtue Cultivation, and Reflective Practice. To further verify the reliability and the validity of this scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is carried out on another sample of 376 valid questionnaires, and the results confirm the rationality of the five-dimensioned model and the good reliability and validity of the scale.
Through literature review, interviews and open questionnaires, we develop a Middle School Principals’ Moral Leadership Scale (SPMLS) which suits the Chinese cultural background. Exploratory Factor Analysis ( EFA) of a sample of 92 valid questionnaires shows that the moral leadership of middle school principals takes on a clear five-dimensioned model with factors named Fairness and Justice, Interpersonal Care, Integrity and Commitment, Virtue Cultivation, and Reflective Practice. To further verify the reliability and the validity of this scale, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is carried out on another sample of 376 valid questionnaires, and the results confirm the rationality of the five-dimensioned model and the good reliability and validity of the scale.
Cite this paper
Hu, Z. , Li, Q. and Zou, S. (2015) Research on the Structure of Principal’s Moral Leadership in Middle Schools in Mainland China. Creative Education, 6, 798-804. doi: 10.4236/ce.2015.68083.
Hu, Z. , Li, Q. and Zou, S. (2015) Research on the Structure of Principal’s Moral Leadership in Middle Schools in Mainland China. Creative Education, 6, 798-804. doi: 10.4236/ce.2015.68083.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/apbpp.2002.7519501 [2] Brown, M. E., Treviiño, L. K., & Harrison, D. (2005). Ethical Leadership: A Social Learning Perspective for Construct Development and Testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97, 117-134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002 [3] Ciulla, J. B. (1998) Ethics, The Heart of Leadership. Westport: Greenwood, P.G78-90. [4] De Hoogh, A. H. B., & Den Dartog, D. N. (2008). Ethical and Despotic Leadership, Relationships with Leader’s Social Responsibility, Top Management Team Effectiveness and Subordinates’ Optimism: A Multi-Method Study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 297-311.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002 [5] DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 26). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. [6] Han Y. C. (2006). Theoretical Construct and Practice Explore of Moral Leadership of School. East China Normal University, 4, 82. [7] Ladkin, D. (2008). Leading Beautifully: How Mastery, Congruence and Purpose Create the Aesthetic of Embodied Leadership Practice. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 31-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.12.003 [8] Liao, X. (2008). An Overview of Researches into Moral Leadership of School. Journal of Mudanjiang College of Education, 4, 63. [9] Resick, C. J., Hanges, P. J., Dickson, M. W., & Mitchelson, J. K. (2006). A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Endorsement of Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 63, 345-359.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-3242-1 [10] Sergiovanni, T. J. (1992). Moral Leadership: Getting to the Heart of School Improvement. San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publish. [11] Trevino, L. K., Brown, M., & Hartman, L. P. (2003). A Qualitative Investigation of Perceived Executive Ethical Leadership: Perceptions from Inside and Outside the Executive Suite. Human Relations, 55, 5-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726703056001448 [12] Trevino, L.K., Hartman, L., & Brown, M. (2000). Moral Person and Moral Manager: How Executives Develop a Reputation for Ethical Leadership. California Management Review, 4, 128. [13] Yan, T. W. (2002). The Study on Primary School Principal’s Moral Leadership in Four Counties of Middle Taiwan. Chi Nan University of Taiwan, Nantou, Taiwan.
[1] Brown, M. E., & Treviiño, L. K. (2002). Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethical Leadership: Development of an Instrument. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2002, SIM D1-SIM D6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/apbpp.2002.7519501 [2] Brown, M. E., Treviiño, L. K., & Harrison, D. (2005). Ethical Leadership: A Social Learning Perspective for Construct Development and Testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97, 117-134.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002 [3] Ciulla, J. B. (1998) Ethics, The Heart of Leadership. Westport: Greenwood, P.G78-90. [4] De Hoogh, A. H. B., & Den Dartog, D. N. (2008). Ethical and Despotic Leadership, Relationships with Leader’s Social Responsibility, Top Management Team Effectiveness and Subordinates’ Optimism: A Multi-Method Study. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 297-311.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.002 [5] DeVellis, R. F. (1991). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (Applied Social Research Methods Series, Vol. 26). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. [6] Han Y. C. (2006). Theoretical Construct and Practice Explore of Moral Leadership of School. East China Normal University, 4, 82. [7] Ladkin, D. (2008). Leading Beautifully: How Mastery, Congruence and Purpose Create the Aesthetic of Embodied Leadership Practice. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 31-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.12.003 [8] Liao, X. (2008). An Overview of Researches into Moral Leadership of School. Journal of Mudanjiang College of Education, 4, 63. [9] Resick, C. J., Hanges, P. J., Dickson, M. W., & Mitchelson, J. K. (2006). A Cross-Cultural Examination of the Endorsement of Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 63, 345-359.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-005-3242-1 [10] Sergiovanni, T. J. (1992). Moral Leadership: Getting to the Heart of School Improvement. San Francisco: Jossey Bass Publish. [11] Trevino, L. K., Brown, M., & Hartman, L. P. (2003). A Qualitative Investigation of Perceived Executive Ethical Leadership: Perceptions from Inside and Outside the Executive Suite. Human Relations, 55, 5-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018726703056001448 [12] Trevino, L.K., Hartman, L., & Brown, M. (2000). Moral Person and Moral Manager: How Executives Develop a Reputation for Ethical Leadership. California Management Review, 4, 128. [13] Yan, T. W. (2002). The Study on Primary School Principal’s Moral Leadership in Four Counties of Middle Taiwan. Chi Nan University of Taiwan, Nantou, Taiwan.