Synthesis and manufacture of photocrosslinkable poly(caprolactone)-based three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering applications
ABSTRACT
It is known that the body can efficiently repair hard tissue (bone) micro fractures by suturing the defect through the deposition of minerals resulting in an area that is stronger post-injury. Larger defects, however, generally cause more trouble since the body is incapable of repairing them. Bone defects can occur as a result of congenital abnormalities, trauma, or disease. Traditional methods for addressing these defects have involved the use of acellular cadaverous bone or autologous bone. Both contain innate prob- lems associated with them; the former method can result in disease transmission, as well as very low integration with the host due to the lack of viable cells while the latter is associated with two surgical sites and morbidity at the donor site. Alternative methods have been developed, but no method has yet provided a satisfactory solution. As a result, resear- chers and the medical community are turning toward the promising fields of biomaterial development and tissue engineering to develop new materials and me- thods of bone regeneration. In this work, a design of experiments (DOE) approach was performed to ren- der commercially available biodegradable polymers (Poly(caprolactone)-diol/triol) photocrosslinkable and resultantly manufacturable using stereolithography (SL), a rapid prototyping technology. To perform the investigations, a commercial SL system (Viper HA, 3D Systems, Valencia, CA) equipped with a solid state laser system (355 nm wavelength) was used to manu-facture synthesized poly(caprolactone) trifuma- rate (PCLtF) 3D porous constructs. Results of the work conducted produced constructs which provided pro- mising chemical and biological results for the in- tended application.
It is known that the body can efficiently repair hard tissue (bone) micro fractures by suturing the defect through the deposition of minerals resulting in an area that is stronger post-injury. Larger defects, however, generally cause more trouble since the body is incapable of repairing them. Bone defects can occur as a result of congenital abnormalities, trauma, or disease. Traditional methods for addressing these defects have involved the use of acellular cadaverous bone or autologous bone. Both contain innate prob- lems associated with them; the former method can result in disease transmission, as well as very low integration with the host due to the lack of viable cells while the latter is associated with two surgical sites and morbidity at the donor site. Alternative methods have been developed, but no method has yet provided a satisfactory solution. As a result, resear- chers and the medical community are turning toward the promising fields of biomaterial development and tissue engineering to develop new materials and me- thods of bone regeneration. In this work, a design of experiments (DOE) approach was performed to ren- der commercially available biodegradable polymers (Poly(caprolactone)-diol/triol) photocrosslinkable and resultantly manufacturable using stereolithography (SL), a rapid prototyping technology. To perform the investigations, a commercial SL system (Viper HA, 3D Systems, Valencia, CA) equipped with a solid state laser system (355 nm wavelength) was used to manu-facture synthesized poly(caprolactone) trifuma- rate (PCLtF) 3D porous constructs. Results of the work conducted produced constructs which provided pro- mising chemical and biological results for the in- tended application.
Cite this paper
nullCastro, N. , Goldstein, P. and Cooke, M. (2011) Synthesis and manufacture of photocrosslinkable poly(caprolactone)-based three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2, 167-173. doi: 10.4236/abb.2011.23027.
nullCastro, N. , Goldstein, P. and Cooke, M. (2011) Synthesis and manufacture of photocrosslinkable poly(caprolactone)-based three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2, 167-173. doi: 10.4236/abb.2011.23027.
References
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[1] Smith, I.O., Liu, X.H., Smith, L.A. and Maet, P. (2009) Nanostructured polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Nanomedicine and Nanobiotechnology, 1, 226- 236. doi:10.1002/wnan.26 [2] Karageorgiou, V. and Kaplan, D. (2005) Porosity of 3D biornaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis. Biomaterials, 26, 5474-5491. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002 [3] Baji, A., Wong, S., Srivatsan, T., Njus, G. and Mathur, G. (2006) Processing methodologies for polycaprolactone- hydroxyapatite composites: a review. Materials and Ma- nufacturing Processes, 21, 211-218. doi:10.1081/AMP-200068681 [4] Sopyan, I., Ramesh, I. and Khalidet, K. (2007) Porous hydroxyapatite for artificial bone applications. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 8, 116-123. doi:10.1016/j.stam.2006.11.017 [5] Angel, M.J., Sgaglione, N. and Grande, D. (2006) Clinical applications of bioactive factors in sports medicine - current concepts and future trends. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 14, 138-145. doi:10.1097/00132585-200609000-00005 [6] Golebiewski, J., Gibas, E. and Malinowski, R. (2008) Selected biodegradable polymers - preparation, properties, applications. Polimery, 53, 799-807. [7] Shung, A.K., Timmer, M., Seongbong, J., Engel, P. and Mikos, A. (2002) Kinetics of poly(propylene fumarate) synthesis by step polymerization of diethyl fumarate and propylene glycol using zinc chloride as a catalyst. Journal of Biomaterials Science-Polymer Edition, 13, 95-108. doi:10.1163/156856202753525963 [8] Wang, S.F., Kempen, D., Simha N., Lewis J., Windebank A., Yaszemski, M. and Lu, L. (2008) Photo-cross-linked hybrid polymer networks consisting of poly (propylene fumarate) and poly (caprolactone fumarate): controlled physical properties and regulated bone and nerve cell responses. Biomacromolecules, 9, 1229-1241. doi:10.1021/bm7012313 [9] Pretsh, E., Buhlmann, P. and Affolter, C. (2000) Structure determination of organic compounds. 3rd Edition, Springer, Heidelberg, 421.