Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea Level Fluctuations of the Ab-Deraz Formation, Based on Palynological Evidence and Magnetic Susceptibility Method “Kopet-Dagh Sedimentary Basin, Northeastern Iran”
Affiliation(s)
1 School of Geology Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran. 2 Department of Geology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
1 School of Geology Sciences, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran. 2 Department of Geology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
ABSTRACT
Ab-deraz Formation is one of the Lithostratigraphic units of upper cretaceous (Middle Touronian-Santonian) in Kopet-Dagh sedimentary basin, located in northeastern Iran. The aims of this study are separating sequence units and determining sea level Fluctuation by using palynological factors and comparison via magnetic susceptibility which is used for the first time in Ab-deraz Formation. Assuming the average MS magnitude as the proxy for mean sea level changes, positive Magnetic Susceptibility (MS) values were considered to present sea level falls and negative values for sea level rises. Based on these data a curve showing water level fluctuations throughout the stratigraphic column was prepared which shows a general trend of regression from base to the top of the formation. To test accuracy of this method, magnetic susceptibility results were compared with those gained from palynology and palynofacies studies. Based on the changes in palynological factors (the terrestrial/marine particles ratio, C/PPC ratio, diversity and abundance of dinoflagellate), palynofacies, for separate sequences, three sequences of the third type with four sequence boundaries, (3 boundaries of the type II and one boundary of the type I) were differentiated, confirming the results gained from magnetic susceptibility method.
Ab-deraz Formation is one of the Lithostratigraphic units of upper cretaceous (Middle Touronian-Santonian) in Kopet-Dagh sedimentary basin, located in northeastern Iran. The aims of this study are separating sequence units and determining sea level Fluctuation by using palynological factors and comparison via magnetic susceptibility which is used for the first time in Ab-deraz Formation. Assuming the average MS magnitude as the proxy for mean sea level changes, positive Magnetic Susceptibility (MS) values were considered to present sea level falls and negative values for sea level rises. Based on these data a curve showing water level fluctuations throughout the stratigraphic column was prepared which shows a general trend of regression from base to the top of the formation. To test accuracy of this method, magnetic susceptibility results were compared with those gained from palynology and palynofacies studies. Based on the changes in palynological factors (the terrestrial/marine particles ratio, C/PPC ratio, diversity and abundance of dinoflagellate), palynofacies, for separate sequences, three sequences of the third type with four sequence boundaries, (3 boundaries of the type II and one boundary of the type I) were differentiated, confirming the results gained from magnetic susceptibility method.
Cite this paper
Yousefimoghadam, F. , Hoseininezhad, S. and Allameh, M. (2015) Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea Level Fluctuations of the Ab-Deraz Formation, Based on Palynological Evidence and Magnetic Susceptibility Method “Kopet-Dagh Sedimentary Basin, Northeastern Iran”. Open Journal of Geology, 5, 268-280. doi: 10.4236/ojg.2015.55024.
Yousefimoghadam, F. , Hoseininezhad, S. and Allameh, M. (2015) Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea Level Fluctuations of the Ab-Deraz Formation, Based on Palynological Evidence and Magnetic Susceptibility Method “Kopet-Dagh Sedimentary Basin, Northeastern Iran”. Open Journal of Geology, 5, 268-280. doi: 10.4236/ojg.2015.55024.
References
[1] Afshar-Harb, A. (1994) Geology of KopetDagh. In: Hushmandzadeh, A., Ed., Treatise on the Geology of Iran, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 275 p. (In Persian) [2] Bretis, B., Grasemann, B. and Conradi, F. (2012) An Active Fault Zone in the Western KopehDagh (Iran). Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences, 105, 95-107. [3] Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E., Obi, C.G. and Jaramillo, C.A. (2005) Lithofacies, Palynofacies, and Sequence Stratigraphy of Palaeogene Strata in Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 41, 79-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.02.002 [4] Carvalho, M.A., Mendonca Filho, J.G. and Menezes, T.R. (2006) Palynofacies and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Aptian-Albian of the Sergipe Basin, Brazil. Sedimentary Geology, 192, 57-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.03.017 [5] Habib, D. and Miller, J.A. (1989) Dinoflagellate Species and Organic Facies Evidence of Marine Transgression and Regression in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 74, 23-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90018-7 [6] Batten, D.J. (1996) Palynofacies and Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation. In: Jansonius, J. and McGregor, D.C., Eds., Palynology: Principles and Applications, Vol. 3, American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, College Station, TX, 1011-1064. [7] Batten, D.J. and Stead, D.T. (2005) Palynofacies Analysis and Its Stratigraphic Application. In: Koutsoukos, E.A.M., Ed., Applied Stratigraphy, Springer, 203-226. [8] Blondel, T.J.A., Gorin, G.E. and Jan du Chène, R. (1993) Sequence Stratigraphy in Coastal Environments: Sedimentology and Palynofacies of the Miocene in Central Tunisia. In: Posamentier, H.W., Summerhayes, C.P., Haq, B.U. and Allen, G.P., Eds., Sequence Stratigraphy and Facies Associations, The International Association of Sedimentologists, Vol. 18, 161-179.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444304015.ch9 [9] Bombardiere, L. and Gorin, G.E. (2000) Stratigraphical and Lateral Distribution of Sedimentary Organic Matter in Upper Jurassic Carbonates of SE France. Sedimentary Geology, 132, 177-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00006-3 [10] Palliani, R.B., Cirilli, S. and Mattioli, E. (1998) Phytoplankton Response and Geochemical Evidence of the Lower Toarcian Relative Sea Level Rise in the Umbria-Marche BASIN (Central Italy), Palaeogeogr. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 142, 33-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00152-1 [11] Steffen, D. and Gorin, G. (1993) Sedimentology of Organic Matter in Upper Tithonian-Berriasian Deep-Sea Carbonates of Southeast France: Evidence of Eustatic Control. In: Katz, B. and Pratt, L., Eds., AAPG Studies in Geology Volume 37, 49-65. [12] Tyson, R.V. (1995) Sedimentary Organic Matter: Organic Facies and Palynofacies. Chapman & Hall, London, 615 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0739-6 [13] Tyson, R.V. (1996) Sequence-Stratigraphical Interpretation of Organic Facies Variations in Marine Siliciclastic Systems; General Principles and Application to the Onshore Kimmeridge Clay Formation, UK. In: Hesselbo, S.P. and Parkinson, D.N., Eds., Sequence Stratigraphy in British Geology, Vol. 103, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 75-96.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.103.01.06 [14] Van Wagoner, J.C., Posamentier, H.W., Mitchum, R.M., Vail, P.R., Sarg, J.F., Loutit, T.S. and Hardenbol, J. (1988) An Overview of the Fundamentals of Sequence Stratigraphy and Key Definitions. In: Wilgus, C.K., Hastings, B.S., Kendall, C.G., Posamentier, H.W., Ross, C.A. and Van Wagoner, J.C., Eds., Sea-Level Changes: An Integrated Approach, Vol. 42, The Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 39-45. [15] Nagata, T. (1961) Rock Magnetism. Maruzen Company Ltd., Tokyo, 350 p. [16] Hansen, H.J., Lojen, S., Toft, P., Dolenec, T., Tong, J., Michaelsen, P. and Sarkar, A. (2000) Magnetic Susceptibility and Organic Carbon Isotopes of Sediments across Some Marine and Terrestrial Permo-Triassic Boundaries. In: Yin, H., Dickins, J.M., Shi, G.R. and Tong, J., Eds., Permian-Triassic Evolution of Tethys and Western Circum-Pacific, Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, 18, 271-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5446(00)80016-3 [17] Tyson, R.V. (1989) Late Jurassic Palynofacies Trends, Piper and Kimmeridge Clay Formations, UK Onshore and Northern North Sea. In: Batten, D.J. and Keen, M.C., Eds., Northwest European Micropalaeontology and Calynology, Ellis Horwood Publishers, Chichester, 135-172. [18] Waveren, I. and Visscher, H. (1994) Analysis of the Composition and Selective Preservation of Organic Matter in Surfical Deep-Sea Sediment from a High Productivity Area (Banda Sea, Indonesia). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 112, 85-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90135-X [19] Thoa, N.T.K., Huyen, D.T., Ellwood, B.B., Lan, L.T.P. and Truong, D.N. (2004) Determination of Permian-Triassic Boundary in Limestone Formations from Northeast of Vietnam by Paleontological and MSEC Methods. Journal of Earth Science, 26, 222-232. [20] Tyson, R.V. (1993) Palynofacies Analysis. In: Jenkins, D.J., Ed., Applied Micropalaeontology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 153-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0763-3_5 [21] Gorin, G.E. and Steffen, D. (1991) Organic Facies as a Tool for Recording Eustatic Variations in Marine Fine-Grained Carbonates—Examples of the Berriasian Stratotype at Berrias (Ardèche, SE France). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 85, 303-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90164-M [22] Ellwood, B.B., Garcia-Alcalde, J.L., El Hassani, A.E., Hladil, J., Soto, F.M., Truyols-Massoni, M., Weddige, K. and Koptikova, L. (2006) Stratigraphy of the Middle Devonian Boundary: Formal Definition of the Susceptibility Magnetostratotype in Germany with Comparisons to Sections in the Czech Republic, Morocco and Spain. Tectonophysics, 418, 31-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.12.012 [23] Ellwood, B.B., Tomkin, J.H., Ratcliffe, K.T., Wright, M. and Kafafy, A.M. (2008) High-Resolution Magnetic Susceptibility and Geochemistry for the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary GSSP with Correlation to Time Equivalent Core. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 261, 105-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.01.005 [24] Nowrouzi, G., Priestley, K.F., Ashtiany, M.-G., Doloei, G.J. and Rham, D.J. (2007) Crustal Velocity Structure in Iranian Kopeh-Dagh, from Analysis of P-Waveform Receiver Functions. JSEE, 8, 187-194. [25] Crick, R.E., Ellwood, B.B., El Hassani, A.E., Hladil, J., Hrouda, F. and Chlupac, I. (2001) Magnetostratigraphy Susceptibility of the Pridoli-Lochkovian (Silurian-Devonian) GSSP (Klonk, Czech Republic) and a Coeval Sequence in Antiatlas Morocco. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 167, 73-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00233-9 [26] Curry, W.B., Schneider, D.A. and Party, L.S. (1995) Ceara Rise Sediments Document Ancient Climate Change. EOS, 76, 40-45. [27] Shackleton, N.J., Crowhurst, S.J., Weedon, G.P. and Laskar, J. (1999) Astronomical Calibration of Oligocene-Miocene Time. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, London, 357, 1907-1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1999.0407 [28] Sluijs, A., Pross, J. and Brinkhuis, H. (2005) From Greenhouse to Icehouse; Organic-Walled Dinoflagellate Cysts as Paleoenvironmental Indicators in the Paleogene. Earth-Science Reviews, 68, 281-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.06.001 [29] Crick, R.E., Ellwood, B.B., El Hassani, A.E., Feist, R. and Hladil, J. (1997) Magnetosusceptibility Event and Cyclostratigraphy (MSEC) of the Eifelian-Givetian GSSP and Associated Boundary Sequences in North Africa and Europe. Episodes, 20, 167-175. [30] Ellwood, B.B., Crick, R.E., El Hassani, A.E., Benoist, S.L.R.H. and Young, R.H. (2000) Magnetosusceptibility Event and Cyclostratigraphy (MSEC) Method Applied to Marine Rocks: Detrital Input versus Carbonate Productivity. Geology, 28, 1134-1138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<1135:MEACMA>2.0.CO;2 [31] Ellwood, B.B., Crick, R.E., Garcia-Alcalde, F.J.L., Soto, F.M., Truyols-Massoni, M., El Hassani, A.E. and Kovas, E.J. (2001) Global Correlation Using Magnetic Susceptibility Data from Lower Devonian Rocks. Geology, 29, 583-586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0583:GCUMSD>2.0.CO;2 [32] Ellwood, B.B., Crick, R.E. and El Hassani, A.E. (1999) The Magnetosusceptibility Event and Cyclostratigraphy (MSEC) Method Used in Geological Correlation of Devonian Rocks from Anti-Atlas Morocco. AAPG Bulletin, 83, 1119-1134. [33] Ellwood, B.B., MacDonald, W.D., Wheeler, C. and Benoist, S.L. (2003) The K-T Boundary in Oman: Identified Using Magnetic Susceptibility Field Measurements with Geochemical Confirmation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 206, 529-540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01124-X [34] Steffen, D. and Gorin, G. (1993) Palynofacies of the Upper Tithonian-Berriasian Deep-Sea Carbonates in the Vocotian Trough (SE France). Bulletin Des Centres De Recherches Exploration-Production Elf Aquitaine, 17, 235-247. [35] Traverse, A. (2007) Paleopalynology. 2nd Edition, Springer, Berlin, 816 p. [36] Tyson, R.V. (1987) The Genesis and Palynofacies Characteristics of Marine Petroleum Source Rocks. In: Brooks, J. and Fleet, A.J., Eds., Marine Petroleum Source Cocks, Geological Society London Special Publications, 26, 47-67. [37] Ghasemi-Nejad, E., Sarjeant, W.A.S. and Gygi, R. (1999) Palynology and Palaeoenvironment of Uppermost Bathonian and Oxfordian (Jurassic) of the Northern Switzerland Sedimentary Basin. Kommission der Schweizerschen Palaontologischen Abhandlungen, Basel, 119, 69 p.
[1] Afshar-Harb, A. (1994) Geology of KopetDagh. In: Hushmandzadeh, A., Ed., Treatise on the Geology of Iran, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 275 p. (In Persian) [2] Bretis, B., Grasemann, B. and Conradi, F. (2012) An Active Fault Zone in the Western KopehDagh (Iran). Austrian Journal of Earth Sciences, 105, 95-107. [3] Oboh-Ikuenobe, F.E., Obi, C.G. and Jaramillo, C.A. (2005) Lithofacies, Palynofacies, and Sequence Stratigraphy of Palaeogene Strata in Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 41, 79-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.02.002 [4] Carvalho, M.A., Mendonca Filho, J.G. and Menezes, T.R. (2006) Palynofacies and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Aptian-Albian of the Sergipe Basin, Brazil. Sedimentary Geology, 192, 57-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.03.017 [5] Habib, D. and Miller, J.A. (1989) Dinoflagellate Species and Organic Facies Evidence of Marine Transgression and Regression in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 74, 23-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90018-7 [6] Batten, D.J. (1996) Palynofacies and Palaeoenvironmental Interpretation. In: Jansonius, J. and McGregor, D.C., Eds., Palynology: Principles and Applications, Vol. 3, American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists Foundation, College Station, TX, 1011-1064. [7] Batten, D.J. and Stead, D.T. (2005) Palynofacies Analysis and Its Stratigraphic Application. In: Koutsoukos, E.A.M., Ed., Applied Stratigraphy, Springer, 203-226. [8] Blondel, T.J.A., Gorin, G.E. and Jan du Chène, R. (1993) Sequence Stratigraphy in Coastal Environments: Sedimentology and Palynofacies of the Miocene in Central Tunisia. In: Posamentier, H.W., Summerhayes, C.P., Haq, B.U. and Allen, G.P., Eds., Sequence Stratigraphy and Facies Associations, The International Association of Sedimentologists, Vol. 18, 161-179.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444304015.ch9 [9] Bombardiere, L. and Gorin, G.E. (2000) Stratigraphical and Lateral Distribution of Sedimentary Organic Matter in Upper Jurassic Carbonates of SE France. Sedimentary Geology, 132, 177-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00006-3 [10] Palliani, R.B., Cirilli, S. and Mattioli, E. (1998) Phytoplankton Response and Geochemical Evidence of the Lower Toarcian Relative Sea Level Rise in the Umbria-Marche BASIN (Central Italy), Palaeogeogr. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 142, 33-50.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00152-1 [11] Steffen, D. and Gorin, G. (1993) Sedimentology of Organic Matter in Upper Tithonian-Berriasian Deep-Sea Carbonates of Southeast France: Evidence of Eustatic Control. In: Katz, B. and Pratt, L., Eds., AAPG Studies in Geology Volume 37, 49-65. [12] Tyson, R.V. (1995) Sedimentary Organic Matter: Organic Facies and Palynofacies. Chapman & Hall, London, 615 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0739-6 [13] Tyson, R.V. (1996) Sequence-Stratigraphical Interpretation of Organic Facies Variations in Marine Siliciclastic Systems; General Principles and Application to the Onshore Kimmeridge Clay Formation, UK. In: Hesselbo, S.P. and Parkinson, D.N., Eds., Sequence Stratigraphy in British Geology, Vol. 103, Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 75-96.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.103.01.06 [14] Van Wagoner, J.C., Posamentier, H.W., Mitchum, R.M., Vail, P.R., Sarg, J.F., Loutit, T.S. and Hardenbol, J. (1988) An Overview of the Fundamentals of Sequence Stratigraphy and Key Definitions. In: Wilgus, C.K., Hastings, B.S., Kendall, C.G., Posamentier, H.W., Ross, C.A. and Van Wagoner, J.C., Eds., Sea-Level Changes: An Integrated Approach, Vol. 42, The Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 39-45. [15] Nagata, T. (1961) Rock Magnetism. Maruzen Company Ltd., Tokyo, 350 p. [16] Hansen, H.J., Lojen, S., Toft, P., Dolenec, T., Tong, J., Michaelsen, P. and Sarkar, A. (2000) Magnetic Susceptibility and Organic Carbon Isotopes of Sediments across Some Marine and Terrestrial Permo-Triassic Boundaries. In: Yin, H., Dickins, J.M., Shi, G.R. and Tong, J., Eds., Permian-Triassic Evolution of Tethys and Western Circum-Pacific, Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, 18, 271-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5446(00)80016-3 [17] Tyson, R.V. (1989) Late Jurassic Palynofacies Trends, Piper and Kimmeridge Clay Formations, UK Onshore and Northern North Sea. In: Batten, D.J. and Keen, M.C., Eds., Northwest European Micropalaeontology and Calynology, Ellis Horwood Publishers, Chichester, 135-172. [18] Waveren, I. and Visscher, H. (1994) Analysis of the Composition and Selective Preservation of Organic Matter in Surfical Deep-Sea Sediment from a High Productivity Area (Banda Sea, Indonesia). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 112, 85-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(94)90135-X [19] Thoa, N.T.K., Huyen, D.T., Ellwood, B.B., Lan, L.T.P. and Truong, D.N. (2004) Determination of Permian-Triassic Boundary in Limestone Formations from Northeast of Vietnam by Paleontological and MSEC Methods. Journal of Earth Science, 26, 222-232. [20] Tyson, R.V. (1993) Palynofacies Analysis. In: Jenkins, D.J., Ed., Applied Micropalaeontology, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 153-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0763-3_5 [21] Gorin, G.E. and Steffen, D. (1991) Organic Facies as a Tool for Recording Eustatic Variations in Marine Fine-Grained Carbonates—Examples of the Berriasian Stratotype at Berrias (Ardèche, SE France). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 85, 303-320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(91)90164-M [22] Ellwood, B.B., Garcia-Alcalde, J.L., El Hassani, A.E., Hladil, J., Soto, F.M., Truyols-Massoni, M., Weddige, K. and Koptikova, L. (2006) Stratigraphy of the Middle Devonian Boundary: Formal Definition of the Susceptibility Magnetostratotype in Germany with Comparisons to Sections in the Czech Republic, Morocco and Spain. Tectonophysics, 418, 31-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2005.12.012 [23] Ellwood, B.B., Tomkin, J.H., Ratcliffe, K.T., Wright, M. and Kafafy, A.M. (2008) High-Resolution Magnetic Susceptibility and Geochemistry for the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary GSSP with Correlation to Time Equivalent Core. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 261, 105-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.01.005 [24] Nowrouzi, G., Priestley, K.F., Ashtiany, M.-G., Doloei, G.J. and Rham, D.J. (2007) Crustal Velocity Structure in Iranian Kopeh-Dagh, from Analysis of P-Waveform Receiver Functions. JSEE, 8, 187-194. [25] Crick, R.E., Ellwood, B.B., El Hassani, A.E., Hladil, J., Hrouda, F. and Chlupac, I. (2001) Magnetostratigraphy Susceptibility of the Pridoli-Lochkovian (Silurian-Devonian) GSSP (Klonk, Czech Republic) and a Coeval Sequence in Antiatlas Morocco. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 167, 73-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00233-9 [26] Curry, W.B., Schneider, D.A. and Party, L.S. (1995) Ceara Rise Sediments Document Ancient Climate Change. EOS, 76, 40-45. [27] Shackleton, N.J., Crowhurst, S.J., Weedon, G.P. and Laskar, J. (1999) Astronomical Calibration of Oligocene-Miocene Time. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, London, 357, 1907-1929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1999.0407 [28] Sluijs, A., Pross, J. and Brinkhuis, H. (2005) From Greenhouse to Icehouse; Organic-Walled Dinoflagellate Cysts as Paleoenvironmental Indicators in the Paleogene. Earth-Science Reviews, 68, 281-315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2004.06.001 [29] Crick, R.E., Ellwood, B.B., El Hassani, A.E., Feist, R. and Hladil, J. (1997) Magnetosusceptibility Event and Cyclostratigraphy (MSEC) of the Eifelian-Givetian GSSP and Associated Boundary Sequences in North Africa and Europe. Episodes, 20, 167-175. [30] Ellwood, B.B., Crick, R.E., El Hassani, A.E., Benoist, S.L.R.H. and Young, R.H. (2000) Magnetosusceptibility Event and Cyclostratigraphy (MSEC) Method Applied to Marine Rocks: Detrital Input versus Carbonate Productivity. Geology, 28, 1134-1138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<1135:MEACMA>2.0.CO;2 [31] Ellwood, B.B., Crick, R.E., Garcia-Alcalde, F.J.L., Soto, F.M., Truyols-Massoni, M., El Hassani, A.E. and Kovas, E.J. (2001) Global Correlation Using Magnetic Susceptibility Data from Lower Devonian Rocks. Geology, 29, 583-586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0583:GCUMSD>2.0.CO;2 [32] Ellwood, B.B., Crick, R.E. and El Hassani, A.E. (1999) The Magnetosusceptibility Event and Cyclostratigraphy (MSEC) Method Used in Geological Correlation of Devonian Rocks from Anti-Atlas Morocco. AAPG Bulletin, 83, 1119-1134. [33] Ellwood, B.B., MacDonald, W.D., Wheeler, C. and Benoist, S.L. (2003) The K-T Boundary in Oman: Identified Using Magnetic Susceptibility Field Measurements with Geochemical Confirmation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 206, 529-540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01124-X [34] Steffen, D. and Gorin, G. (1993) Palynofacies of the Upper Tithonian-Berriasian Deep-Sea Carbonates in the Vocotian Trough (SE France). Bulletin Des Centres De Recherches Exploration-Production Elf Aquitaine, 17, 235-247. [35] Traverse, A. (2007) Paleopalynology. 2nd Edition, Springer, Berlin, 816 p. [36] Tyson, R.V. (1987) The Genesis and Palynofacies Characteristics of Marine Petroleum Source Rocks. In: Brooks, J. and Fleet, A.J., Eds., Marine Petroleum Source Cocks, Geological Society London Special Publications, 26, 47-67. [37] Ghasemi-Nejad, E., Sarjeant, W.A.S. and Gygi, R. (1999) Palynology and Palaeoenvironment of Uppermost Bathonian and Oxfordian (Jurassic) of the Northern Switzerland Sedimentary Basin. Kommission der Schweizerschen Palaontologischen Abhandlungen, Basel, 119, 69 p.