Conflict Resolution and Management between Local Fishers and Tour Operators in the Okavango Delta’s Panhandle, Botswana
Affiliation(s)
1 Okavango Research Institute, Maun, Botswana. 2 University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. 3 Fisheries Division, Ministry of Wildlife, Environment and Tourism, Maun, Botswana. 4 Department of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Wildlife, Environment and Tourism, Maun, Botswan.
1 Okavango Research Institute, Maun, Botswana. 2 University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana. 3 Fisheries Division, Ministry of Wildlife, Environment and Tourism, Maun, Botswana. 4 Department of Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Wildlife, Environment and Tourism, Maun, Botswan.
ABSTRACT
Conflicts among different fisher groups are a global concern, and the Okavango Delta fishery is no exception, which is composed of commercial, subsistence and recreational fishers. Possibly due to conflicting value/use systems, and ill-defined user rights, there have been documented cases of conflict between commercial and recreational fishers, which may affect livelihoods for local fishers. Therefore, this study’s aim was to identify causes of conflict between these groups and to propose management inventions. Primary data collected in three fishing villages showed that lack of access, misconceptions about each other, and overlapping use were identified as some of the major causes of conflict. Subsequently, this paper proposes a spatial and temporal zoning of fishing grounds as a management tool towards conflict resolution. One proposal is that recreational fishers can utilize the main channel, commercial fishers the floodplains and lagoons, while basket fishers can utilize the fringes of floodplains, lagoons and river channel. Moreover, a co-management regime has also been developed in the fishery, upon which a code of conduct was developed to also reduce conflict in the fishery. It is envisaged that this approach will reduce conflict and create an enabling environment for efficient and sustainable fish utilization in the Delta.
Conflicts among different fisher groups are a global concern, and the Okavango Delta fishery is no exception, which is composed of commercial, subsistence and recreational fishers. Possibly due to conflicting value/use systems, and ill-defined user rights, there have been documented cases of conflict between commercial and recreational fishers, which may affect livelihoods for local fishers. Therefore, this study’s aim was to identify causes of conflict between these groups and to propose management inventions. Primary data collected in three fishing villages showed that lack of access, misconceptions about each other, and overlapping use were identified as some of the major causes of conflict. Subsequently, this paper proposes a spatial and temporal zoning of fishing grounds as a management tool towards conflict resolution. One proposal is that recreational fishers can utilize the main channel, commercial fishers the floodplains and lagoons, while basket fishers can utilize the fringes of floodplains, lagoons and river channel. Moreover, a co-management regime has also been developed in the fishery, upon which a code of conduct was developed to also reduce conflict in the fishery. It is envisaged that this approach will reduce conflict and create an enabling environment for efficient and sustainable fish utilization in the Delta.
Cite this paper
Mosepele, K. , Mmopelwa, G. , Kgathi, D. , Setswalo, O. and Mosepele, B. (2015) Conflict Resolution and Management between Local Fishers and Tour Operators in the Okavango Delta’s Panhandle, Botswana. Natural Resources, 6, 312-324. doi: 10.4236/nr.2015.64028.
Mosepele, K. , Mmopelwa, G. , Kgathi, D. , Setswalo, O. and Mosepele, B. (2015) Conflict Resolution and Management between Local Fishers and Tour Operators in the Okavango Delta’s Panhandle, Botswana. Natural Resources, 6, 312-324. doi: 10.4236/nr.2015.64028.
References
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(2009) Environmental Variability and the Fishery Dynamics of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: The Case of Subsistence Fishing. African Journal of Ecology, 47, 119-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01058.x [31] Hilborn, R. and Walters, C.J. (1992) Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment: Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty. Chapman and Hall, Boston. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3598-0 [32] Nengu, S.M. (1995) Status of Fisheries in Wetlands. In: Masundire, H.H., Eyeson, K.N. and Mphuchane, S.F., Eds., Wetlands Management in Botswana, Wetlands Coordinating Committee, Botswana. [33] Mosepele, K. (2008) Flood Pulse in a Subtropical Floodplain Fishery and the Consequences for Steady State Management. Proceedings of the 2nd IASTED African Conference on Water Resource Management: Science and Technology Innovation for Sustainable Development, Botswana, 8-10 September 2008, 56-62. [34] Kolding, J., Ticheler, H.J. and Chanda, B. (1996) Assessment of the Bangweulu Swamps Fisheries. WWF Bangweulu Wetlands Project, Final Report. [35] Overby, M.M. (2000) Resolving the Stone Crab-Shrimp Fisheries Conflict: A Case of Implicit Co-Management. In: Durrenberger, E.P. and King, T.D., Eds., State and Community in Fisheries Management: Power, Policy and Practice, Bergin and Garvey, Westport, 169-186. [36] FAO (1995) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. FAO, Rome. [37] Jul-Larsen, E. and van Zwieten, P. (2002) African Freshwater Fisheries: What Needs to Be Managed? Naga, 25, 35-40. [38] Caddy, J.F. (2002) Limit Reference Points, Traffic Lights, and Holistic Approaches to Fisheries Management with Minimal Stock Assessment Input. Fisheries Research, 56, 133-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00343-5 [39] King, M. and Faasili, U. (1999) Community-Based Management of Subsistence Fisheries in Samoa. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 6, 133-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2400.1999.00136.x [40] Schreiber, D.K. (2001) Co-Management without Involvement: The Plight of Fishing Communities. Fish and Fisheries, 2, 376-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2960.2001.00057.x [41] Jul-Larsen, E., Kolding, J., Overa, R., Nielsen, J.R. and van Zwieten, P.A.M. (2003) Management, Co-Management or No Management? Major Dilemmas in Southern African Freshwater Fisheries. Part 1: Synthesis Report. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 426/1, Rome. [42] Ngwenya, B.N., Mosepele, K. and Magole, L. (2012) A Case for Gender Equity in Governance of the Okavango Delta Fisheries in Botswana. Natural Resources Forum, 36, 109-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2012.001450.x [43] Mosepele, K., Ngwenya, B.N. and Bernard, T. (2006) Artisanal Fishing and Food Security in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. In: Ahmed, A., Ed., World Sustainable Development Outlook: Global and Local Resources in Achieving Sustainable Development, Inderscience, Geneva, 159-168. [44] Siar, S.V., Agbayani, R.F. and Valera, J.B. (1992) Acceptability of Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries: Towards Community-Based Management of Small-Scale Fisheries in the Philippines. Fisheries Research, 14, 295-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(92)90038-U [45] Mosepele, B., Mosepele, K., Mogotsi, S. and Thamage, D. (2014) Fisheries Co-Management in the Okavango Delta’s Panhandle: The Okavango Fisheries Management Committee (OFMC) Case Study. In: Sowman, M. and Wynberg, R., Eds., Governance for Justice and Environmental Sustainability: Lessons across Natural Resource Sectors in Sub- Saharan Africa, Routledge Publishers, London, 180-199. [46] GEF (2006) Building Local Capacity for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the Okavango Delta. Global Environment Facility, Washington DC. [47] Soma, K. (2003) How to Involve Stakeholders in Fisheries Management—A Country Case Study in Trinidad and Tobago. Marine Policy, 27, 47-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-597X(02)00050-7 [48] Ramberg, L. and van der Waal, B., Eds. (1997) Fisheries Management in the Okavango Delta. Report of a Workshop Organised by Fisheries Section, Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana.
[1] Wilson, D. and Jentoft, S. (1999) Structure, Agency and Embeddedness: Sociological Approaches to Fisheries Management Institutions. In: Symes, D., Ed., Alternative Management Systems for Fisheries, Blackwell Science, Oxford. [2] Arnason, R. (2007) Fisheries Management and Operations Research. European Journal of Operational Research, 193, 741-751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.07.028 [3] Viswanathan, K.K. and Ahmed, M. (2002) Communities and Institutions for Common Property. Fisheries Co- Management News, No. 1, 8 p. [4] Boisneau, P. and Mennesson-Bosneau, C. (2001) Inland commercial fisheries management in France. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8, 303-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2400.2001.00255.x [5] Sipponen, M. and Greboval, D. (2001) Social, Economic and Cultural Perspectives of European Inland Fisheries: Review of the EIFAC Symposium on Fisheries and Society. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8, 283-293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2400.2001.00280.x [6] Mosepele, K. and Kolding, J. (2003) Fish Stock Assessment in the Okavango Delta, Botswana—Preliminary Results from a Length Based Analysis. In: Bernard, T., Mosepele, K. and Ramberg, L., Eds., Environmental Monitoring of Tropical and Subtropical Wetlands, University of Botswana, Maun and University of Florida, Gainesville, 363-390. [7] Mosepele, K. (2000) Preliminary Length Based Stock Assessment of the Main Exploited Stocks of the Okavango Delta fishery. Mphil Thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen. [8] Tweddle, D., Bills, R., van der Waal, B., Skelton, P., Kolding, J. and Nengu, S. (2003) Fish Diversity and Fisheries in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. In: Alonso, L.E. and Nordin, L., Eds., A Rapid Biological Assessment of the Aquatic Systems of the Okavango Delta, High Water Survey, Botswana, RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment, 97-110. [9] Merron, G.S. (1991) The Ecology and Management of the Fishes of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, with Particular Reference to the Role of the Seasonal Floods. PhD Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. [10] Mosepele, K. and Mosepele, B. (2005) Spatial and Temporal Variability in Fishery and Fish Community Structure in the Okavango Delta, Botswana: Implications towards Fisheries Management. Botswana Notes and Records, 37, 280- 291. [11] Mosepele, K. (2001) Preliminary Description of the Okavango Delta Fishery. Fisheries Section, Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana. [12] Gieske, A. (1996) Modelling Surface Outflow from the Okavango. Botswana Notes and Records, 28, 165-192. [13] McCarthy, T.S. (1992) Physical and Biological Processes Controlling the Okavango Delta—A Review of Recent Research. Botswana Notes and Records, 24, 57-86. [14] Kolding, J. (1996) Feasibility Study and Appraisal of Fish Stocks Management Plan in Okavango. University of Bergen, Bergen. [15] Mbaiwa, J.E. (2002) The Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Tourism Development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. A Base Line Study. Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, University of Botswana, Maun. [16] Mendelsohn, J.M., vanderPost, C., Ramberg, L., Murray-Hudson, M., Wolski, P. and Mosepele, K. (2010) Okavango Delta: Floods of Life. RAISON, Windhoek. [17] Gondwe, M.J. and Masamba, W.R.L. (2014) Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Diffusive Methane Emissions in the Okavango Delta, Northern Botswana, Africa. Wetlands Ecology and Management, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-013-9323-5 [18] Central Statistics Office (2002) Population of Towns, Villages and Associated Localities. Government Printer, Gaborone. [19] Botswana Government (2008) Fish Protection Regulations. Government Printing and Publishing Services Gaborone, Botswana. [20] Bokhutlo, T., Kootsositse, M.V. and Mosepele, K. (2007) Okavango Delta Fishery Frame Survey. Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Gaborone. [21] Statsoft (1999) STATISTICA. Statsoft Inc., USA. www.statsoft.com [22] Mosepele, K., Mmopelwa, T.G. and Mosepele, B. (2003) Characterization and Monitoring of the Okavango Delta Artisanal Fishery. In: Bernard, T., Mosepele, K. and Ramberg, L., Eds., Environmental Monitoring of Tropical and Subtropical Wetlands, University of Botswana, Maun and University of Florida, Gainesville, 391-413. [23] Van Ginkel, R. (2001) The Netherlands. In: Symes, D. and Phillipson, J., Eds., Inshore Fisheries Management, Kluiwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 79-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1892-9_5 [24] Van Ginkel, R. and Steins, N. (2001) Multi-Use Conflicts in Inshore Waters. In: Symes, D. and Phillipson, J., Eds., Inshore Fisheries Management, Kluiwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 257-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1892-9_15 [25] Welcomme, R.L. (2001) Inland Fisheries: Ecology and Management. Blackwell Science, Oxford. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470995693 [26] Hilborn, R. (2007) Defining Success in Fisheries and Conflicts in Objectives. Marine Policy, 31, 153-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2006.05.014 [27] Koenig, E.C. (2005) Cultures and Ecologies: A Native Fishing Conflict on the Saugeen-Bruce Peninsula. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. [28] Nybacka, K. (2001) Finland. In: Symes, D. and Phillipson, J., Eds., Inshore Fisheries Management, Kluiwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 27-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1892-9_2 [29] Haraldsdottir, G. (2000) Tradition, Co-Management, Diversity, in Small-Scale Inland Fisheries in Africa. In: Durrenberger, E.P. and King, T.D., Eds., State and Community in Fisheries Management; Power, Policy and Practice, Bergin and Garvey, Westport, 131-148. [30] Mmopelwa, G., Mosepele, K., Mosepele, B., Moleele, N. and Ngwenya, B. (2009) Environmental Variability and the Fishery Dynamics of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: The Case of Subsistence Fishing. African Journal of Ecology, 47, 119-127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2008.01058.x [31] Hilborn, R. and Walters, C.J. (1992) Quantitative Fisheries Stock Assessment: Choice, Dynamics and Uncertainty. Chapman and Hall, Boston. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3598-0 [32] Nengu, S.M. (1995) Status of Fisheries in Wetlands. In: Masundire, H.H., Eyeson, K.N. and Mphuchane, S.F., Eds., Wetlands Management in Botswana, Wetlands Coordinating Committee, Botswana. [33] Mosepele, K. (2008) Flood Pulse in a Subtropical Floodplain Fishery and the Consequences for Steady State Management. Proceedings of the 2nd IASTED African Conference on Water Resource Management: Science and Technology Innovation for Sustainable Development, Botswana, 8-10 September 2008, 56-62. [34] Kolding, J., Ticheler, H.J. and Chanda, B. (1996) Assessment of the Bangweulu Swamps Fisheries. WWF Bangweulu Wetlands Project, Final Report. [35] Overby, M.M. (2000) Resolving the Stone Crab-Shrimp Fisheries Conflict: A Case of Implicit Co-Management. In: Durrenberger, E.P. and King, T.D., Eds., State and Community in Fisheries Management: Power, Policy and Practice, Bergin and Garvey, Westport, 169-186. [36] FAO (1995) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. FAO, Rome. [37] Jul-Larsen, E. and van Zwieten, P. (2002) African Freshwater Fisheries: What Needs to Be Managed? Naga, 25, 35-40. [38] Caddy, J.F. (2002) Limit Reference Points, Traffic Lights, and Holistic Approaches to Fisheries Management with Minimal Stock Assessment Input. Fisheries Research, 56, 133-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00343-5 [39] King, M. and Faasili, U. (1999) Community-Based Management of Subsistence Fisheries in Samoa. Fisheries Management and Ecology, 6, 133-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2400.1999.00136.x [40] Schreiber, D.K. (2001) Co-Management without Involvement: The Plight of Fishing Communities. Fish and Fisheries, 2, 376-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2960.2001.00057.x [41] Jul-Larsen, E., Kolding, J., Overa, R., Nielsen, J.R. and van Zwieten, P.A.M. (2003) Management, Co-Management or No Management? Major Dilemmas in Southern African Freshwater Fisheries. Part 1: Synthesis Report. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 426/1, Rome. [42] Ngwenya, B.N., Mosepele, K. and Magole, L. (2012) A Case for Gender Equity in Governance of the Okavango Delta Fisheries in Botswana. Natural Resources Forum, 36, 109-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-8947.2012.001450.x [43] Mosepele, K., Ngwenya, B.N. and Bernard, T. (2006) Artisanal Fishing and Food Security in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. In: Ahmed, A., Ed., World Sustainable Development Outlook: Global and Local Resources in Achieving Sustainable Development, Inderscience, Geneva, 159-168. [44] Siar, S.V., Agbayani, R.F. and Valera, J.B. (1992) Acceptability of Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries: Towards Community-Based Management of Small-Scale Fisheries in the Philippines. Fisheries Research, 14, 295-304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-7836(92)90038-U [45] Mosepele, B., Mosepele, K., Mogotsi, S. and Thamage, D. (2014) Fisheries Co-Management in the Okavango Delta’s Panhandle: The Okavango Fisheries Management Committee (OFMC) Case Study. In: Sowman, M. and Wynberg, R., Eds., Governance for Justice and Environmental Sustainability: Lessons across Natural Resource Sectors in Sub- Saharan Africa, Routledge Publishers, London, 180-199. [46] GEF (2006) Building Local Capacity for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the Okavango Delta. Global Environment Facility, Washington DC. [47] Soma, K. (2003) How to Involve Stakeholders in Fisheries Management—A Country Case Study in Trinidad and Tobago. Marine Policy, 27, 47-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0308-597X(02)00050-7 [48] Ramberg, L. and van der Waal, B., Eds. (1997) Fisheries Management in the Okavango Delta. Report of a Workshop Organised by Fisheries Section, Ministry of Agriculture, Botswana.