Tetraploid Induction and Identification of Gossypium arboreum
ABSTRACT
Gossypium arboreum (2n = 26, A2) is a diploid species with limited production in acreage com-pared with G. hirsutum and G. barbadense. However, its unique traits such as insect and disease resistance contribute an important germplasm to cotton breeding. So polyploid manipulation for G. arboreum is an effective approach of germplasm development. This research focused on tetraploid induction of G. arboreum by colchicine. Morphology and cytology identifications for obtained mutants were also conducted. The seedling growth and development of all mutants was more stunted than controls. According to preliminary morphological characteristics, mutant rates in different treatment were statistically estimated and the highest mutant rate was 42.31% under the treatment of 0.1% colchicine for 24 hours. The chromosome number of most mutants was 2n = 4x = 52, while the chromosome number of diploid controls was 2n = 2x = 26 by cytology observation of root tip cells. By microscope observation of low leaf epidermis, there were significant differences for stoma area between tetraploids and diploids. The meiosis behavior of the induced tetraploid was much more complex than that of the diploid. At diakinesis, some univalent, trivalent and polyvalent were also observed besides bivalent and quadrivalent. There were different kinds of polyad in tetraspore period of mutants. The dissociate chromosomes existed during metaphase I and II, the unbalance separation of chromosomes existed during anaphase I and II. As a result, tetraploid mutants of G. arboreum were identified and their desirable traits would be further evaluated to incorporate into next breeding program.
Gossypium arboreum (2n = 26, A2) is a diploid species with limited production in acreage com-pared with G. hirsutum and G. barbadense. However, its unique traits such as insect and disease resistance contribute an important germplasm to cotton breeding. So polyploid manipulation for G. arboreum is an effective approach of germplasm development. This research focused on tetraploid induction of G. arboreum by colchicine. Morphology and cytology identifications for obtained mutants were also conducted. The seedling growth and development of all mutants was more stunted than controls. According to preliminary morphological characteristics, mutant rates in different treatment were statistically estimated and the highest mutant rate was 42.31% under the treatment of 0.1% colchicine for 24 hours. The chromosome number of most mutants was 2n = 4x = 52, while the chromosome number of diploid controls was 2n = 2x = 26 by cytology observation of root tip cells. By microscope observation of low leaf epidermis, there were significant differences for stoma area between tetraploids and diploids. The meiosis behavior of the induced tetraploid was much more complex than that of the diploid. At diakinesis, some univalent, trivalent and polyvalent were also observed besides bivalent and quadrivalent. There were different kinds of polyad in tetraspore period of mutants. The dissociate chromosomes existed during metaphase I and II, the unbalance separation of chromosomes existed during anaphase I and II. As a result, tetraploid mutants of G. arboreum were identified and their desirable traits would be further evaluated to incorporate into next breeding program.
Cite this paper
Yang, N. , Rong, E. , Li, Q. , Dong, J. , Du, T. , Zhao, X. and Wu, Y. (2015) Tetraploid Induction and Identification of Gossypium arboreum. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 436-444. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.64043.
Yang, N. , Rong, E. , Li, Q. , Dong, J. , Du, T. , Zhao, X. and Wu, Y. (2015) Tetraploid Induction and Identification of Gossypium arboreum. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 436-444. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.64043.
References
[1] Cui, L.Y., Wall, P.K., Leebens-Mark, J.H., Lindsay, B.G., Soltis, D.E., Doyle, J.J., Soltis, P.S., Carlson, J.E., Arumuganathan, K., Barakat, A., Albert, V.A., Ma, H. and dePamphilis, C.W. (2007) Widespread Genome Duplications throughout the History of Flowering Plants. Genome Research, 16, 738-749.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.4825606 [2] Masterson, J. (1994) Stomatal Size in Fossil Plants: Evidence for Polyploidy in Majority of Angiosperms. Science, 264, 421-423.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5157.421 [3] Wendel, J.F. and Cronn, R.C. (2003) Polyploiy and the Evolutionary History of Cotton. Advances in Agronomy, 78, 139-186.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(02)78004-8 [4] Parisod, C., Holderegger, R. and Brochmann, C. (2010) Evolutionary Consequences of Autopolyploidy. New Phytologist, 186, 5-17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03142.x [5] Wolfe, K.H. (2001) Yesterday’s Polyploids and the Mystery of Diploidization. Nature Reviews, 2, 333-341.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35072009 [6] Dai, H.J., Zhu, Z.B., Shen, X.L., Zhou, J.M. and He, J.H. (2010) Es-sences and Approaches of Distant Hybridization in Crops Breeding. Genomics and Applied Biology, 29, 144-149. [7] Gao, Y.H., Zhu, S.J. and Ji, D.F. (2005) Studies on the Cytological Characters of the Interspecific Hybrid F1 among the Cultivated Species in Gossypium and their Genetic Relationship. Acta Genetica Sinica, 32, 744-752. [8] Hutchinson, J.B., Silow, R.A. and Stephens, S.G. (1947) The Evolution of Gossypium and the Differentiation of the Cultivated Cotton. Oxford University Press, New York. [9] Hutchinson, J.B. (1954) New Evidence on the Origin of the Old World Cottons. Heredity, 8, 225-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1954.20 [10] Fryxel, P.A. (1979) The Natural History of the Cotton Tribe. Texas A&M Univ Press, College Station. [11] Ishizaka, H. and Uematau, J. (1994) Amphidiploids between Cyclamen persicum Mill. and C. hederifolium Aiton Induced through Colchicine Taeatment of Ovules in Vitro and Plants. Breeding Science, 44, 161-166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs1951.44.161 [12] Petersen, K.K., Hagberg, P. and Kristiansen, K. (2003) Colchicine and Oryzalin Mediated Chromosome Doubling in Different Genotypes of Miscanthus sinensis. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 73, 137-146.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022854303371 [13] Luckett, D.J. (1989) Colchicine Mutagenesis Is Associated with Substantial Heritable Variation in Cotton. Euphytica, 42, 177-182.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042630 [14] Alishah, O. and Bagherieh-Najjar, M.B. (2008) Polyploidization Effect in Two Diploid Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L. and G. arboreum L.) Species by Colchicine Treatments. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7, 102-108. [15] Wu, Y.X., Yang, F.H., Zhao, X.M. and Yang, W.D. (2011) Identification of Tetraploid Mutants of Platycodon grandiflorus by Colchicine Induction. Caryologia, 64, 343-349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2011.10589801 [16] Li, M.X. and Chen, R.Y. (1985) A Suggestion on the Standardization of Karyotype Analysis in Plants. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research, 3, 297-302. [17] Levan, A., Fredga, K. and Sandberg, A.A. (1964) Nomenclature for Centromeric Position on Chromosomes. Hereditas, 52, 201-220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1964.tb01953.x [18] Stebbins, G.L. (1971) Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants. Edward Amold, London, 43-46. [19] Kuo, S.R., Wang, T.T. and Huang, T.C. (1972) Karyotype Analysis of Some Formosan Gymnosperm. Taiwania, 17, 66. [20] Beasley, J.O. (1942) Meiotic Chromosome Behavior in Species, Species Hybrids, Haploids, and Induced Polyploids of Gossypium. Genetics, 27, 25-54. [21] Fawcett, J.A., Maere, S. and Van de Peer, Y. (2009) Plants with Double Genomes Might Had a Better Chance to Survive the Cretaceous-Tertiary. PNAS, 106, 5737-5742.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900906106 [22] Desai, A., Chee, P.W., Rong, J.K., May, O.L. and Paterson, A.H. (2006) Chromosome Structural Changes in Diploid and Tetraploid A Genomes of Gossypium. Genome, 49, 336-345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/G05-116 [23] Jiao, Y.N., Wickett, N.J., Ayyampalayam, S., Chanderbali, A.S., Landherr, L., Ralph, P.E., Tomsho, L.P., Hu, Y., Liang, H.Y., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Clifton, S.W., Schlarbaum, S.E., Schuster, S.C., Ma, H., Leebens-Mack, J. and de Pamphilis, C.W. (2011) Ancestral Polyploidy in Seed Plants and Angiosperms. Nature, 473, 97-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09916
[1] Cui, L.Y., Wall, P.K., Leebens-Mark, J.H., Lindsay, B.G., Soltis, D.E., Doyle, J.J., Soltis, P.S., Carlson, J.E., Arumuganathan, K., Barakat, A., Albert, V.A., Ma, H. and dePamphilis, C.W. (2007) Widespread Genome Duplications throughout the History of Flowering Plants. Genome Research, 16, 738-749.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.4825606 [2] Masterson, J. (1994) Stomatal Size in Fossil Plants: Evidence for Polyploidy in Majority of Angiosperms. Science, 264, 421-423.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.264.5157.421 [3] Wendel, J.F. and Cronn, R.C. (2003) Polyploiy and the Evolutionary History of Cotton. Advances in Agronomy, 78, 139-186.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(02)78004-8 [4] Parisod, C., Holderegger, R. and Brochmann, C. (2010) Evolutionary Consequences of Autopolyploidy. New Phytologist, 186, 5-17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03142.x [5] Wolfe, K.H. (2001) Yesterday’s Polyploids and the Mystery of Diploidization. Nature Reviews, 2, 333-341.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35072009 [6] Dai, H.J., Zhu, Z.B., Shen, X.L., Zhou, J.M. and He, J.H. (2010) Es-sences and Approaches of Distant Hybridization in Crops Breeding. Genomics and Applied Biology, 29, 144-149. [7] Gao, Y.H., Zhu, S.J. and Ji, D.F. (2005) Studies on the Cytological Characters of the Interspecific Hybrid F1 among the Cultivated Species in Gossypium and their Genetic Relationship. Acta Genetica Sinica, 32, 744-752. [8] Hutchinson, J.B., Silow, R.A. and Stephens, S.G. (1947) The Evolution of Gossypium and the Differentiation of the Cultivated Cotton. Oxford University Press, New York. [9] Hutchinson, J.B. (1954) New Evidence on the Origin of the Old World Cottons. Heredity, 8, 225-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1954.20 [10] Fryxel, P.A. (1979) The Natural History of the Cotton Tribe. Texas A&M Univ Press, College Station. [11] Ishizaka, H. and Uematau, J. (1994) Amphidiploids between Cyclamen persicum Mill. and C. hederifolium Aiton Induced through Colchicine Taeatment of Ovules in Vitro and Plants. Breeding Science, 44, 161-166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs1951.44.161 [12] Petersen, K.K., Hagberg, P. and Kristiansen, K. (2003) Colchicine and Oryzalin Mediated Chromosome Doubling in Different Genotypes of Miscanthus sinensis. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 73, 137-146.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022854303371 [13] Luckett, D.J. (1989) Colchicine Mutagenesis Is Associated with Substantial Heritable Variation in Cotton. Euphytica, 42, 177-182.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042630 [14] Alishah, O. and Bagherieh-Najjar, M.B. (2008) Polyploidization Effect in Two Diploid Cotton (Gossypium herbaceum L. and G. arboreum L.) Species by Colchicine Treatments. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7, 102-108. [15] Wu, Y.X., Yang, F.H., Zhao, X.M. and Yang, W.D. (2011) Identification of Tetraploid Mutants of Platycodon grandiflorus by Colchicine Induction. Caryologia, 64, 343-349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087114.2011.10589801 [16] Li, M.X. and Chen, R.Y. (1985) A Suggestion on the Standardization of Karyotype Analysis in Plants. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research, 3, 297-302. [17] Levan, A., Fredga, K. and Sandberg, A.A. (1964) Nomenclature for Centromeric Position on Chromosomes. Hereditas, 52, 201-220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1964.tb01953.x [18] Stebbins, G.L. (1971) Chromosomal Evolution in Higher Plants. Edward Amold, London, 43-46. [19] Kuo, S.R., Wang, T.T. and Huang, T.C. (1972) Karyotype Analysis of Some Formosan Gymnosperm. Taiwania, 17, 66. [20] Beasley, J.O. (1942) Meiotic Chromosome Behavior in Species, Species Hybrids, Haploids, and Induced Polyploids of Gossypium. Genetics, 27, 25-54. [21] Fawcett, J.A., Maere, S. and Van de Peer, Y. (2009) Plants with Double Genomes Might Had a Better Chance to Survive the Cretaceous-Tertiary. PNAS, 106, 5737-5742.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900906106 [22] Desai, A., Chee, P.W., Rong, J.K., May, O.L. and Paterson, A.H. (2006) Chromosome Structural Changes in Diploid and Tetraploid A Genomes of Gossypium. Genome, 49, 336-345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/G05-116 [23] Jiao, Y.N., Wickett, N.J., Ayyampalayam, S., Chanderbali, A.S., Landherr, L., Ralph, P.E., Tomsho, L.P., Hu, Y., Liang, H.Y., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Clifton, S.W., Schlarbaum, S.E., Schuster, S.C., Ma, H., Leebens-Mack, J. and de Pamphilis, C.W. (2011) Ancestral Polyploidy in Seed Plants and Angiosperms. Nature, 473, 97-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature09916