Interactive Effect of Forage Mixing Rates and Organic Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutritive Value of Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and Annual Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)
Author(s)
Heba Sabry Attia Salama
Affiliation(s)
Crop Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
Crop Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) is the main winter forage legume in Egypt. Despite that the yield and protein content of berseem clover are high, it is characterized by low dry matter content especially in the 1st cut. Intercropping berseem clover with forage grasses, especially annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a recommended technique to produce higher forage yield with better balanced nutritional quality. However, little is known about the performance of these proposed mixtures under the arising organic farming system in Egypt. Organic farming and the application of organic fertilizers (compost and poultry manure) are receiving increased attention in the last few years. Thus, the current study was carried out on the winter season of two successive years (2012 and 2013) in the experimental station of SEKEM organic farm, Egypt. Main aim was to investigate the variation in 1st cut forage yield and nutritive value of berseem clover and annual ryegrass, grown in pure stands and with three mixing rates, under three organic fertilization regimes (compost, poultry litter, and no fertilization). Nutritive value was judged through investigating the crude protein (CP), total carbohydrates (TC), and fiber fractions (NDF, ADF, and ADL). Results revealed significant two-way interaction between the forage treatments and the fertilization regimes for all the studied parameters. In general, mixing berseem clover with annual ryegrass, fertilized by compost or poultry litter resulted in significantly higher forage yield, dry matter content, and balanced CP, TC, and fiber fractions, compared to the pure stands.
Cite this paper
Salama, H. (2015) Interactive Effect of Forage Mixing Rates and Organic Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutritive Value of Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and Annual Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Agricultural Sciences, 6, 415-425. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.64041.
Salama, H. (2015) Interactive Effect of Forage Mixing Rates and Organic Fertilizers on the Yield and Nutritive Value of Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and Annual Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Agricultural Sciences, 6, 415-425. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.64041.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.1013 [3] El-Karamany, M.F., Bakry, B.A. and Elewa, T.A. (2014) Integrated Action of Mixture Rates and Nitrogen Levels on Quantity and Quality of Forage Mixture from Egyptian Clover and Barley in Sandy Soil. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 1539-1546.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2014.514165 [4] El-Hattab, A.H., Abou-Raya, A.K., Abdel-Raof, M.S., Kandil, A. and Khalil, N.A. (1982) Forage Yield and Quality of Berseem-Grass Mixtures as Affected by Seeding Rates and Time of Cutting. Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 34, 22-34. [5] Seif, S.A. and Sedhom, S.A. (1988) Effect of Mixing Cereal Grasses with Fahl Berseem on the Forage Production and Botanical Fractions. Egyptian Journal of Applied Science, 3, 204-216. [6] Holland, J.P. and Brummer, E.C. (1999) Cultivar Effects on Oat-Berseem Clover Intercrops. Agronomy Journal, 91, 321-329.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(03)00139-8 [27] Bow, J.R., Muir, J.P., Weindorf, D.C., Rosiere, R.E. and Butler, T.J. (2008) Integration of Cool Season Annual Legumes and Dairy Manure Compost with Switchgrass. Crop Science, 48, 1621-1628.
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[1] Al-Khateeb, S.A., Leilah, A.A., Al-Thabet, S.S. and Al-Barak, K.M. (2001) Study on Mixed Sowing of Egyptian Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) with Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), Barley (Hordeumvulgare L.) and Oat (Avena fatua L.) on Fodder Yield and Quality. Egyptian Journal of Applied Sciences, 16, 159-171. [2] Ross, S.M., King, J.R., O’Donovan, J.T. and Spaner, D. (2004) Forage Potential of Intercropping Berseem Clover with Barley, Oat, or Triticale. Agronomy Journal, 96, 1013-1020.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.1013 [3] El-Karamany, M.F., Bakry, B.A. and Elewa, T.A. (2014) Integrated Action of Mixture Rates and Nitrogen Levels on Quantity and Quality of Forage Mixture from Egyptian Clover and Barley in Sandy Soil. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 1539-1546.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2014.514165 [4] El-Hattab, A.H., Abou-Raya, A.K., Abdel-Raof, M.S., Kandil, A. and Khalil, N.A. (1982) Forage Yield and Quality of Berseem-Grass Mixtures as Affected by Seeding Rates and Time of Cutting. Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, 34, 22-34. [5] Seif, S.A. and Sedhom, S.A. (1988) Effect of Mixing Cereal Grasses with Fahl Berseem on the Forage Production and Botanical Fractions. Egyptian Journal of Applied Science, 3, 204-216. [6] Holland, J.P. and Brummer, E.C. (1999) Cultivar Effects on Oat-Berseem Clover Intercrops. Agronomy Journal, 91, 321-329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1999.00021962009100020023x [7] Rammah, A.M. and Radwan, M.S. (1977) The Influence of Seeding Rate and Cutting Management on Yield and Chemical Composition of Berseem-Grass Mixtures. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 145, 103-111. [8] Nor El-Din, M.A. (1978) Effect of Berseem-Ryegrass Mixtures on Forage Yield. M.Sc. Thesis, Al-Azhar University, Cairo. [9] El Said, M. and Sharief, A.E. (1993) Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorous Fertilization and Seeding Rates of Forage Yields and Quality of Egyptian Clover-Ryegrass Mixtures. Journal of Agricultural Science. Mansoura University, 18, 1335-1341. [10] Wiersma, D.W., Hoffman, P.C. and Mlynarek, M.J. (1999) Companion Crops for Legume Estab-lishment: Forage Yield, Quality and Establishment Success. Journal of Production Agriculture, 12, 116-122.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jpa1999.0116 [11] Edmeades, D.C. (2003) The Long-Term Effects of Manures and Fertilisers on Soil Productivity and Quality: A Review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 66, 165-180.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1023999816690 [12] Lynch, D.H., Voroney, R.P. and Warman, P.R. (2005) Soil Physical Properties and Organic Matter Fractions under Forages Receiving Composts, Manure or Forages. Compost Science and Utilization, 13, 252-261.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2005.10702249 [13] Sanderson, M.A. and Jones, R.M. (1997) Forage Yields, Nutrient Uptake, Soil Chemical Changes, and Nitrogen Volatilization from Bermudagrass Treated with Dairy Manure. Journal of Production Agriculture, 10, 266-271.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jpa1997.0266 [14] Lynch, D.H., Voroney, R.P. and Warman, P.R. (2004) Nitrogen Availability from Composts for Humid Region Perennial Grass and Legume-Grass Forage Production. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33, 1509-1520.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.1509 [15] Lucero, D.W., Martens, D.C., McKenna, J.R. and Starner, D.E. (1995) Poultry Litter Effects on Unmanaged Pasture Yield, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptakes, and Botanical Composition. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 26, 861-881.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629509369340 [16] Kingery, W.L., Wood, C.W., Delaney, D.P., Williams, J.C., Mullins, G.L. and van Santen, E. (2013) Implications of Long-Term Land Application of Poultry Litter on Tall Fescue Pastures. Journal of Production Agriculture, 6, 390-395.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jpa1993.0390 [17] Van Wieringen, L.M., Harrison, J.H., Nennich, T., Davidson, D.L., Morgan, L., Chen, S., Bueler, M. and Hoisington, F. (2005) Manure Management Effects on Grass Production, Nutritive Content, and Soil Nitrogen for a Grass Silage-Based Dairy Farm. Journal of Environmental Quality, 34, 164-173. [18] Newton, G.L., Bernard, J.K., Hubbard, R.K., Allison, J.R., Lowrance, R.R., Gascho, G.J., Gates, R.N. and Vellidis, G. (2003) Managing Manure Nutrients through Multi-Crop Forage Production. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, 2243-2252.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73815-6 [19] Evers, G.W. (1998) Comparison of Broiler Poultry Litter and Commercial Fertilizer for Coastal Bermudagrass Production in the Southern US. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 12, 55-77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J064v12n04_06 [20] Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. and Lewis, B.A. (1991) Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583-3597.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 [21] AOAC (1990) Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington. [22] DuBois, M., Gilles, K., Hamilton, J., Rebers, P. and Smith, F. (1956) Colorimetric Method for Determination of Sugars and Related Substances. Analytical Chemistry, 28, 350-356.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60111a017 [23] SAS Institute, Inc. (2000) SAS/STAT User’s Guide. Version 9.1, SAS Institute, Cary. [24] Winer, B.J. (1971) Statistical Principles in Experimental Design. 2nd Edition, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd., Tokyo. [25] Holm, S. (1979) A Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6, 65- 70. [26] Kuusela, E., Khalili, H. and Nykanen-Kurki, P. (2004) Fertilisation, Seed Mixtures and Supplementary Feeding for Annual Legume-Grass-Cereal Pastures in Organic Milk Production Systems. Livestock Production Science, 85, 113-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(03)00139-8 [27] Bow, J.R., Muir, J.P., Weindorf, D.C., Rosiere, R.E. and Butler, T.J. (2008) Integration of Cool Season Annual Legumes and Dairy Manure Compost with Switchgrass. Crop Science, 48, 1621-1628.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2007.12.0697 [28] El-Karamany, M.F., Bahr, A.A. and Tawfic, M.M. (2009) Forage Mixture Potential of Berseem Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) with Triticale (X triticosecale wittmack) or Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Bulletin of the National Research, 34, 175-185. [29] El-Karamany, M.F., Elwea, T.A. and Bakry, B.A. (2012) Effect of Mixture Rates on Forage Mixture of Egyptian Clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) with Triticale (X triticosecale wittmack) under Newly Reclaimed Sandy Soil. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Research, 6, 40-44. [30] Berry, P.M., Sylvester-Bradley, R., Philipps, L., Hatch, D.J., Cuttle, S.P., Rayns, F.W. and Gosling, P. (2002) Is the Productivity of Organic Farms Restricted by the Supply of Available Nitrogen? Soil Use and Management, 18, 248-255.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/SUM2002129 [31] Butler, T.J. and Muir, J.P. (2006) Dairy Manure Compost Improves Soil and Increases Tall Wheatgrass Yield. Agronomy Journal, 98, 1090-1096.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0348 [32] Mays, D.A., Terman, G.L. and Duggan, J.C. (1973) Municipal Compost: Effects on Crop Yields and Soil Properties. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2, 89-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1973.00472425000200010011x [33] Zheljazkov, V.D., Astatkie, T., Caldwell, C.D., MacLeod, J. and Grimmett, M. (2006) Compost, Manure, and Gypsum Application to Timothy/Red Clover Forage. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35, 2410-2418.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0322 [34] Parkinson, R.J., Fuller, M.P. and Groenhof, A.C. (1999) An Evaluation of Greenwaste Compost for the Production of Forage Maize (Zea mays L.). Compost Science and Utilization, 7, 72-80.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.1999.10701955 [35] Yolcu, H., Seker, H., Mkerim, G., Lithourgidis, A. and Gunes, A. (2011) Application of Cattle Manure, Zeolite and Leonardite Improves Hay Yield and Quality of Annual Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) under Semiarid Conditions. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5, 926-931. [36] Waldo, D.R. and Jorgensen, N.A. (1981) Forages for High Animal Production: Nutritional Factors and Effects of Conservation. Journal of Dairy Science, 64, 1207-1229.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(81)82697-5 [37] Kanayama-Phiri, G.T., Raguse, C.A. and Taggard, K.L. (1990) Response of a Perennial Grass-Legume Mixture to Applied Nitrogen and Differing Soil Textures. Agronomy Journal, 82, 488-495.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1990.00021962008200030009x [38] Shareif, A.E., Attia, A.N., Leilah, A.A. and Abo El-Goud, S.A. (1996) Effect of Seeding Rates of Berseem-Ryegrass Mixtures and N-Fertilizer Levels on Yield and Quality of Forage. Proceedings of the 7th Conference of Agronomy, Mansoura, 9-10 September 1996, 589-599. [39] Wood, C.W., Torbert, H.A. and Delaney, D.P. (1993) Poultry Litter as a Fertilizer for Bermudagrass Effects on Yield and Quality. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 3, 21-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J064v03n02_05 [40] Muir, J.P. (2002) Effect of Dairy Compost Application and Plant Maturity on Forage Kenaf Cultivar Fibre Concentration and in Sacco Disappearance. Crop Science, 42, 248-254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2002.0248 [41] Haggag, M.E.H., Marei, Z.M. and El-Nahrawy, M.Z. (1995) Performance of Mixture of Ten Ryegrass Varieties with Egyptian Clover in Comparison with Pure Stand. Mansoura University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 20, 4537-4547. [42] Laidlaw, A.S. and Teuber, N. (2001) Temperate Forage Grass-Legume Mixtures: Advances and Perspectives. Proceedings of the 19th International Grassland Congress, Sao Paulo, 11-21 February 2001, 85-92.