Energy Analysis for the Compaction of Jerash Cohesive Soil
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is to study the effect of compaction energy on Jerash cohesive soil. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of soil compaction energy with relation to unit weight and moisture content are conducted. These analyses spot the light on energy savings performed for soil compaction. The study shows that as the compaction energy increases; the unit weight of the Jerash cohesive soil increases and the optimum water content decreases. Generally, a soil with low moisture content is less vulnerable to compaction than a soil with high moisture content. But when the moisture content is too high, all the soil pores are filled with water, so that the soil becomes less compressible where the unit weight and strength characteristics decrease. The optimum energy value and optimum water content are thus of great concern. The effect of energy on soil unit weight is very large as the energy increases from 400 to 1400 KJ/m3 and after that level; the effect of energy on soil unit weight is very small. Consequently, optimal compaction energy ranges from 1200 up to value 1400 KJ/m3, where 50 to 60 blows can be applied and the optimal correlated water content is between 14% - 15%.
The aim of this research is to study the effect of compaction energy on Jerash cohesive soil. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of soil compaction energy with relation to unit weight and moisture content are conducted. These analyses spot the light on energy savings performed for soil compaction. The study shows that as the compaction energy increases; the unit weight of the Jerash cohesive soil increases and the optimum water content decreases. Generally, a soil with low moisture content is less vulnerable to compaction than a soil with high moisture content. But when the moisture content is too high, all the soil pores are filled with water, so that the soil becomes less compressible where the unit weight and strength characteristics decrease. The optimum energy value and optimum water content are thus of great concern. The effect of energy on soil unit weight is very large as the energy increases from 400 to 1400 KJ/m3 and after that level; the effect of energy on soil unit weight is very small. Consequently, optimal compaction energy ranges from 1200 up to value 1400 KJ/m3, where 50 to 60 blows can be applied and the optimal correlated water content is between 14% - 15%.
Cite this paper
Masoud, T. , Alsharie, H. and Qasaimeh, A. (2015) Energy Analysis for the Compaction of Jerash Cohesive Soil. Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, 4, 1-4. doi: 10.4236/cweee.2015.41001.
Masoud, T. , Alsharie, H. and Qasaimeh, A. (2015) Energy Analysis for the Compaction of Jerash Cohesive Soil. Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, 4, 1-4. doi: 10.4236/cweee.2015.41001.
References
[1] SSSA (1996) Glossary of Soil Science Terms. Soil Science Society of America, Madison. [2] Batey, T. (2009) Soil Compaction and Soil Management—A Review. Soil Use and Manage, 25, 335-345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00236.x [3] Ohu, J., Folorunso, O., Adeniji, F. and Raghavan, G. (1989) Critical Moisture Content as an Index of Compactibility of Agricultural Soils in Borno State of Nigeria. Soil Technology, 2, 211-219.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0933-3630(89)90007-X [4] Taylor, H.M. (1971) Effects of Soil Strength on Seedling Emergence, Root Growth and Crop Yield. In: Barnes, K.K., Carleton, W.M., Taylor, H.M., Throckmorton, R.I. and van den Berg, G.E., Eds., Compaction of Agricultural Soils, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, 292-305. [5] Hamza, M.A. and Anderson, W.K. (2005) Soil Compaction in Cropping Systems. A Review of the Nature, Causes and Possible Solutions. Soil and Tillage Research, 82, 121-145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.08.009 [6] Horn, R., Doma, H., Sowiska-Jurkiewicz, A. and van Ouwerkerk, C. (1995) Soil Compaction Processes and Their Effects on the Structure of Arable Soils and the Environment. Soil and Tillage Research, 35, 23-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(95)00479-C [7] Mosaddeghi, M., Hajabbasi, M., Hemmat, A. and Afyuni, M. (2000) Soil Compactibility as Affected by Soil Moisture Content and Farmyard Manure in Central Iran. Soil and Tillage Research, 55, 87-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00102-1 [8] Smith, C.W., Johnston, M.A. and Lorentz, S. (1997) Assessing the Compaction Susceptibility of South African Forestry Soils. I. The Effect of Soil Type, Water Content and Applied Pressure on Uni-Axial Compaction. Soil and Tillage Research, 41, 53-73.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(96)01084-7 [9] Wakindiki, I. and Ben-Hur, M. (2002) Soil Mineralogy and Texture Effects on Crust Micromorphology, Infiltration, and Erosion. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66, 897-905.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.8970 [10] Gysi, M., Ott, A. and Flühler, H. (1999) Influence of Single Passes with High Wheel Load on a Structured, Unploughed Sandy Loam Soil. Soil and Tillage Research, 52, 141-151.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00066-5 [11] Panayiotopoulos, K.P., Papadopoulou, C.P. and Hatjiioannidou, A. (1994) Compaction and Penetration Resistance of an Alfisol and Entisol and Their Influence on Root Growth of Maize Seedlings. Soil and Tillage Research, 31, 323-337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(94)90039-6 [12] Hakansson, I. and Lipiec, J. (2000) A Review of the Usefulness of Relative Bulk Density Values in Studies of Soil Structure and Compaction. Soil and Tillage Research, 53, 71-85.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00095-1
[1] SSSA (1996) Glossary of Soil Science Terms. Soil Science Society of America, Madison. [2] Batey, T. (2009) Soil Compaction and Soil Management—A Review. Soil Use and Manage, 25, 335-345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00236.x [3] Ohu, J., Folorunso, O., Adeniji, F. and Raghavan, G. (1989) Critical Moisture Content as an Index of Compactibility of Agricultural Soils in Borno State of Nigeria. Soil Technology, 2, 211-219.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0933-3630(89)90007-X [4] Taylor, H.M. (1971) Effects of Soil Strength on Seedling Emergence, Root Growth and Crop Yield. In: Barnes, K.K., Carleton, W.M., Taylor, H.M., Throckmorton, R.I. and van den Berg, G.E., Eds., Compaction of Agricultural Soils, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Joseph, 292-305. [5] Hamza, M.A. and Anderson, W.K. (2005) Soil Compaction in Cropping Systems. A Review of the Nature, Causes and Possible Solutions. Soil and Tillage Research, 82, 121-145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.08.009 [6] Horn, R., Doma, H., Sowiska-Jurkiewicz, A. and van Ouwerkerk, C. (1995) Soil Compaction Processes and Their Effects on the Structure of Arable Soils and the Environment. Soil and Tillage Research, 35, 23-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(95)00479-C [7] Mosaddeghi, M., Hajabbasi, M., Hemmat, A. and Afyuni, M. (2000) Soil Compactibility as Affected by Soil Moisture Content and Farmyard Manure in Central Iran. Soil and Tillage Research, 55, 87-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00102-1 [8] Smith, C.W., Johnston, M.A. and Lorentz, S. (1997) Assessing the Compaction Susceptibility of South African Forestry Soils. I. The Effect of Soil Type, Water Content and Applied Pressure on Uni-Axial Compaction. Soil and Tillage Research, 41, 53-73.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(96)01084-7 [9] Wakindiki, I. and Ben-Hur, M. (2002) Soil Mineralogy and Texture Effects on Crust Micromorphology, Infiltration, and Erosion. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 66, 897-905.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2002.8970 [10] Gysi, M., Ott, A. and Flühler, H. (1999) Influence of Single Passes with High Wheel Load on a Structured, Unploughed Sandy Loam Soil. Soil and Tillage Research, 52, 141-151.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00066-5 [11] Panayiotopoulos, K.P., Papadopoulou, C.P. and Hatjiioannidou, A. (1994) Compaction and Penetration Resistance of an Alfisol and Entisol and Their Influence on Root Growth of Maize Seedlings. Soil and Tillage Research, 31, 323-337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-1987(94)90039-6 [12] Hakansson, I. and Lipiec, J. (2000) A Review of the Usefulness of Relative Bulk Density Values in Studies of Soil Structure and Compaction. Soil and Tillage Research, 53, 71-85.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00095-1