Fluid Inclusion Petrography and Microthermometry of Zn and Pb Deposits of Rajpura-Dariba Bethumni Belt, Udaipur District (Rajasthan), India
ABSTRACT
The Proterozoic Aravalli-Delhi orogenic complex hosts a large number of economically important stratabound base metal sulphide deposits. In the present work, rock samples taken from Outcrop and Underground Mine of Sindeskar Kalan, Vedanta Group, Rajpura Dariba-Bethumni Belt which is located at a distance of 76 kms from Udaipur city, Rajasthan have been studied. The chief litho units of the group which contain sulfide-bearing calc-silicate and graphite mica schist, dolomite marble, calc-biotite schist and quartzite are identified. An attempt has also been made to study/or hydrothermal in origin in the different types of fluid inclusions, hosted predominately in Geothermometry viz. heating and freezing study of entrapped palaeo-fluids (such as sedimentary and quartz host grain and a few in sphalerites). The quartz hosts are identified with four types of fluid inclusions, such as 1) monophase (gas/vapour), 2) gas-rich biphase, 3) liquid-rich biphase and 4) polyphase types. The primary types of fluid inclusions show that melting temperature of ice or depression freezing point (DFP) (ranging from -2.5°C to -7.2°C)/(salinity ranging from 4.5 - 13.25 wt% NaCl eq.) and temperature of homogenization into liquid phase (ranging from +188°C to +218°C) have been measured. Data from the fluid inclusions and salinity calculation (low salinity) reveal that rate of cooling is the important mechanism of ore deposition in the study area.
The Proterozoic Aravalli-Delhi orogenic complex hosts a large number of economically important stratabound base metal sulphide deposits. In the present work, rock samples taken from Outcrop and Underground Mine of Sindeskar Kalan, Vedanta Group, Rajpura Dariba-Bethumni Belt which is located at a distance of 76 kms from Udaipur city, Rajasthan have been studied. The chief litho units of the group which contain sulfide-bearing calc-silicate and graphite mica schist, dolomite marble, calc-biotite schist and quartzite are identified. An attempt has also been made to study/or hydrothermal in origin in the different types of fluid inclusions, hosted predominately in Geothermometry viz. heating and freezing study of entrapped palaeo-fluids (such as sedimentary and quartz host grain and a few in sphalerites). The quartz hosts are identified with four types of fluid inclusions, such as 1) monophase (gas/vapour), 2) gas-rich biphase, 3) liquid-rich biphase and 4) polyphase types. The primary types of fluid inclusions show that melting temperature of ice or depression freezing point (DFP) (ranging from -2.5°C to -7.2°C)/(salinity ranging from 4.5 - 13.25 wt% NaCl eq.) and temperature of homogenization into liquid phase (ranging from +188°C to +218°C) have been measured. Data from the fluid inclusions and salinity calculation (low salinity) reveal that rate of cooling is the important mechanism of ore deposition in the study area.
Cite this paper
Alam, J. and Siddiquie, F. (2015) Fluid Inclusion Petrography and Microthermometry of Zn and Pb Deposits of Rajpura-Dariba Bethumni Belt, Udaipur District (Rajasthan), India. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 256-273. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.63020.
Alam, J. and Siddiquie, F. (2015) Fluid Inclusion Petrography and Microthermometry of Zn and Pb Deposits of Rajpura-Dariba Bethumni Belt, Udaipur District (Rajasthan), India. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 256-273. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.63020.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(84)90038-X [2] Haldar, S.K. (2006) Exploration Modeling of Base Metal Deposits. Elsevier, A Division of Reed Elsevier India Private limited, New Delhi, 227 p. [3] Roy, A.B., Paliwal, B.S. and Goel, O.P. (1971) Superposed Folding in the Aravalli Rocks of the Type Area around Udaipur, Rajasthan. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 12, 342-348. [4] Haldar, S.K., and Deb, M. (2001) Geology and Mineralization of Rajpura-Dariba Lead-Zinc Belt, Rajasthan. In: Deb, M. and Goodfellow, W.D., Eds., Sediment-hosted Lead-Zink Deposit Modeling Program: Delhi-Udaipur, Elsevier, A Division of Reed Elsevier India Private limited, New Delhi, 177-187. [5] Gupta, B.C. (1934) The Geology of Central Mewar. Memoir Geological Survey India, 65, 107-168. [6] Talluri, J.K., Pandalai, H.S. and Jadhav, G.N. (2000) Fluid Chemistry and Depositional Mechanism of the Epigenetic, Discordant Ore Bodies of the Proterozoic, Carbonate-Hosted, Zawarmala Pb-Zn Deposit, Udaipur District, India. Economic Geology, 95, 1505-1525. [7] Deb, M. and Bhattacharya, A.K. (1980) Geological Setting and Conditions of Metamorphism of Rajpura-Dariba Polymetallic Ore Deposit, Rajasthan, India. Proceedings of the 5th Quadrennia lInternational Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits Symposium, Schweizer-Bart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 689-697. [8] Hacket, C.A. (1881) On the Geology of the Aravalli Region, Central and Eastern. Geological Survey of India, 14, 279-303. [9] Gopalan, K., Trivedi, J.R., Balasubramanyam, M.N., Roy, S.K. and Sastri, C.A. (1979) Rb-Sr Chronology of the Khetry Belt, Rajasthan. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 20, 450-456. [10] Roy, A.B. and Jakhar, S.R. (2002) Geology of Rajasthan, (Northwest India), Precambrian to Recent. Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur, 412 p. [11] Roy, A.B. and Kroner, A. (1996) Single Zircon Evaporation Ages Constraining the Growth of the Archaean Aravalli Craton, Northwestern Indian Shield. Geological Magazine, 133, 333-342.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800009067 [12] Heron, A.M. (1953) Geology of Central Rajasthan. Mem.79, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, 339 p. [13] Wiedenbeck, M., Goswamia, J.N. and Royb, A.B. (1996) Stabilization of the Aravalli Craton of the North-Western India at 2.5 Ga: An Ion Microprobe Zircon Study. Chemical Geology, 129, 325-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00182-4 [14] Ray, J.N. (1980) An Evaluation of the Tectonic Framework of the Rampura-Agucha Zinc-Lead Deposit, Bhilwara District, Rajasthan. Indian Minerals, 34, 19-21. [15] Gandhi, S.M. (2001) The Ancient Mining and Metallurgy in Rajasthan. Hindustan Zinc Limited, 4, 2-13. [16] Ameta, S., Das Gupta, S. and Sharma, B.B. (1999) Geology, Structure and Mineralisation in Dariba-Bethumni-Surawas Belt, Rajsamand Dist., Rajasthan. Records of the GSI, 129, 22-24. [17] Roedder, E. (1984) Fluid Inclusions. Mineralogical Society of America. Review in Mineralogy, 12, 644. [18] Roedder, E. (1972) Compositions of Fluid Inclusions. In Data of Geochemistry, U.S. Geological Survey Paper 440-JJ, 164. [19] Rankin, A.H. and Alderton, D.H.M. (1983) Fluid Inclusion Petrography of SW England Granites and It Potential in Minerals Exploration. Mineralium Deposita, 18, 335-347.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206483 [20] Touret, J. (1981) Fluid Inclusions in High-Grade Metamorphic Rocks. In: Hollister, L.S. and Crawford, M.L., Eds., Short Course in Fluid Inclusions: Application to Petrology, Mineral Association of Canada, Markham, 182-208. [21] Sang, E. (1873) Notice of a Singular Properties Exhibited by the Fluid Enclosed in Crystal Cavities. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 86, 81-88. [22] Shepherd, T.J., Rankin, A.H. and Alderton, D.H.M. (1985) A Practical Guide to Fluid Inclusion Studies. Blackie, Glasgow; Chapman and Hall, New York, 239 p. [23] Bodnor, R.J. (1993) Revised Equation and Table for Determining Freezing Point Depression of H2O-NaCl Solution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 683-684.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90378-A
[1] Powar, K.B. and Patwardhan, A.M. (1984) Tectonic Evolution and Base Metal Mineralization in the Aravalli-Delhi Belt, India. Precambrian Research, 25, 309-323.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(84)90038-X [2] Haldar, S.K. (2006) Exploration Modeling of Base Metal Deposits. Elsevier, A Division of Reed Elsevier India Private limited, New Delhi, 227 p. [3] Roy, A.B., Paliwal, B.S. and Goel, O.P. (1971) Superposed Folding in the Aravalli Rocks of the Type Area around Udaipur, Rajasthan. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 12, 342-348. [4] Haldar, S.K., and Deb, M. (2001) Geology and Mineralization of Rajpura-Dariba Lead-Zinc Belt, Rajasthan. In: Deb, M. and Goodfellow, W.D., Eds., Sediment-hosted Lead-Zink Deposit Modeling Program: Delhi-Udaipur, Elsevier, A Division of Reed Elsevier India Private limited, New Delhi, 177-187. [5] Gupta, B.C. (1934) The Geology of Central Mewar. Memoir Geological Survey India, 65, 107-168. [6] Talluri, J.K., Pandalai, H.S. and Jadhav, G.N. (2000) Fluid Chemistry and Depositional Mechanism of the Epigenetic, Discordant Ore Bodies of the Proterozoic, Carbonate-Hosted, Zawarmala Pb-Zn Deposit, Udaipur District, India. Economic Geology, 95, 1505-1525. [7] Deb, M. and Bhattacharya, A.K. (1980) Geological Setting and Conditions of Metamorphism of Rajpura-Dariba Polymetallic Ore Deposit, Rajasthan, India. Proceedings of the 5th Quadrennia lInternational Association on the Genesis of Ore Deposits Symposium, Schweizer-Bart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 689-697. [8] Hacket, C.A. (1881) On the Geology of the Aravalli Region, Central and Eastern. Geological Survey of India, 14, 279-303. [9] Gopalan, K., Trivedi, J.R., Balasubramanyam, M.N., Roy, S.K. and Sastri, C.A. (1979) Rb-Sr Chronology of the Khetry Belt, Rajasthan. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 20, 450-456. [10] Roy, A.B. and Jakhar, S.R. (2002) Geology of Rajasthan, (Northwest India), Precambrian to Recent. Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur, 412 p. [11] Roy, A.B. and Kroner, A. (1996) Single Zircon Evaporation Ages Constraining the Growth of the Archaean Aravalli Craton, Northwestern Indian Shield. Geological Magazine, 133, 333-342.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016756800009067 [12] Heron, A.M. (1953) Geology of Central Rajasthan. Mem.79, Geological Survey of India, Kolkata, 339 p. [13] Wiedenbeck, M., Goswamia, J.N. and Royb, A.B. (1996) Stabilization of the Aravalli Craton of the North-Western India at 2.5 Ga: An Ion Microprobe Zircon Study. Chemical Geology, 129, 325-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(95)00182-4 [14] Ray, J.N. (1980) An Evaluation of the Tectonic Framework of the Rampura-Agucha Zinc-Lead Deposit, Bhilwara District, Rajasthan. Indian Minerals, 34, 19-21. [15] Gandhi, S.M. (2001) The Ancient Mining and Metallurgy in Rajasthan. Hindustan Zinc Limited, 4, 2-13. [16] Ameta, S., Das Gupta, S. and Sharma, B.B. (1999) Geology, Structure and Mineralisation in Dariba-Bethumni-Surawas Belt, Rajsamand Dist., Rajasthan. Records of the GSI, 129, 22-24. [17] Roedder, E. (1984) Fluid Inclusions. Mineralogical Society of America. Review in Mineralogy, 12, 644. [18] Roedder, E. (1972) Compositions of Fluid Inclusions. In Data of Geochemistry, U.S. Geological Survey Paper 440-JJ, 164. [19] Rankin, A.H. and Alderton, D.H.M. (1983) Fluid Inclusion Petrography of SW England Granites and It Potential in Minerals Exploration. Mineralium Deposita, 18, 335-347.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00206483 [20] Touret, J. (1981) Fluid Inclusions in High-Grade Metamorphic Rocks. In: Hollister, L.S. and Crawford, M.L., Eds., Short Course in Fluid Inclusions: Application to Petrology, Mineral Association of Canada, Markham, 182-208. [21] Sang, E. (1873) Notice of a Singular Properties Exhibited by the Fluid Enclosed in Crystal Cavities. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 86, 81-88. [22] Shepherd, T.J., Rankin, A.H. and Alderton, D.H.M. (1985) A Practical Guide to Fluid Inclusion Studies. Blackie, Glasgow; Chapman and Hall, New York, 239 p. [23] Bodnor, R.J. (1993) Revised Equation and Table for Determining Freezing Point Depression of H2O-NaCl Solution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 57, 683-684.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90378-A