Volatiles (S-CO2-H2O-Cl-F) Behavior during the AD 1944 Eruption
Author(s)
Angelo Paone
ABSTRACT
The AD 1944 is the last vulcanian-effusive eruption of Vesuvius volcano. I have reviewed most of the major and volatile elements in order to better understand the eruptive dynamic of this hazardous volcano. These volcanic products were basically formed by at least two main petrogenetic mechanisms: 1) mixing, 2) crystal fractionation. Crystal fractionation plays a major role in the evolution of the volcanic products of the AD 1944 eruption. According to the major elements data, several fractionation lines can be employed. Volatile data are analyzed in sequence. Indeed, the volatile data allow an insight into the exsolution and degassing processes occur during the growth and eruption of the AD 1944 eruption. Some inferences are also made on the exsolution and degassing depth. The volatile data illustrate a sequential order of exsolution for the AD 1944 eruption: Cl-H2O-CO2-S and finally as volatile phase degassed fluorine. The eruption has not interacted with external water. An early exsolution of Cl in Cl-rich magmas is also confirmed by experimental and geological studies (3 - 4 Kbars) coinciding with the deep magma reservoir.
The AD 1944 is the last vulcanian-effusive eruption of Vesuvius volcano. I have reviewed most of the major and volatile elements in order to better understand the eruptive dynamic of this hazardous volcano. These volcanic products were basically formed by at least two main petrogenetic mechanisms: 1) mixing, 2) crystal fractionation. Crystal fractionation plays a major role in the evolution of the volcanic products of the AD 1944 eruption. According to the major elements data, several fractionation lines can be employed. Volatile data are analyzed in sequence. Indeed, the volatile data allow an insight into the exsolution and degassing processes occur during the growth and eruption of the AD 1944 eruption. Some inferences are also made on the exsolution and degassing depth. The volatile data illustrate a sequential order of exsolution for the AD 1944 eruption: Cl-H2O-CO2-S and finally as volatile phase degassed fluorine. The eruption has not interacted with external water. An early exsolution of Cl in Cl-rich magmas is also confirmed by experimental and geological studies (3 - 4 Kbars) coinciding with the deep magma reservoir.
Cite this paper
Paone, A. (2015) Volatiles (S-CO2-H2O-Cl-F) Behavior during the AD 1944 Eruption. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 238-245. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.63017.
Paone, A. (2015) Volatiles (S-CO2-H2O-Cl-F) Behavior during the AD 1944 Eruption. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 238-245. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.63017.
References
[1] Belkin, H.E., Kilburn, C.R.J. and De Vivo, B. (1993) Chemistry of the Lavas and Tephra from Recent (AD 1631-1944) Vesuvius (Italy) Volcanic Activity. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-399, 44. [2] Marianelli, P., Metrich, N., Santacroce, R. and Sbrana, A. (1995) Mafic Magma Batches at Vesuvius: A Glass Inclusion Approach to the Modalities of Feeding Stratovolcanoes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 120, 159-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00287113 [3] Marianelli, P., Metrich, N. and Sbrana, A. (1999) Shallow and Deep Reservoirs Involved in Magma Supply of the 1944 Eruption of Vesuvius. Bulletin of Volcanology, 61, 48-63.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050262 [4] Raia, F., Webster, J.D. and De Vivo, B. (2000) Pre-Eruptive Volatile Contents of Vesuvius Magmas: Constraints on Eruptive History and Behavior. I. The Medieval and Modern Interplinian Activities. European Journal of Mineralogy, 12, 179-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2000/0012-0179 [5] Fulignati, P., Marianelli, P. and Sbrana, A. (2000) Glass-Bearing Felsic Nodules from the Crystallizing Sidewalls of the 1944 Vesuvius Magma Chamber. Mineralogical Magazine, 64, 481-496.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646100549373 [6] Webster, J.D., Raia, F., De Vivo, B. and Rolandi, G. (2001) The Behavior of Chlorine and Sulfur during Differentiation of the Mt. Somma-Vesuvius Magmatic System. Mineralogy and Petrology, 73, 177-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007100170016 [7] Ayuso, R.A., De Vivo, B., Rolandi, G., Seal, R.R. II and Paone, A. (1998) Geochemical and Isotopic (Nd-Pb-Sr-O) Variations Bearing on the Genesis of Volcanic Rocks from Vesuvius, Italy. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 82, 53-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00057-7 [8] Morizet, Y., Brooker, R.A. and Kohn, S.C. (2002) CO2 in Haplo-Phonolite Melt: Solubility, Speciation and Carbonate Complexation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 1809-1820.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00893-6 [9] Belkin, H.E., De Vivo, B., Roedder, E. and Cortini, M. (1985) Fluid Inclusion Geobarometry from Ejected Mt. Somma-Vesuvius Nodules. American Mineralogist, 70, 288-303. [10] Belkin, H.E. and De Vivo, B. (1993) Fluid Inclusion Studies of Ejected Nodules from Plinian Eruptions of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 58, 89-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(93)90103-X [11] Paone, A., Webster, J., Raia, F. and De Vivo, B. (2001) Preliminary Results of Melt Inclusion and Experimental Volatile Solubility Studies for Alkaline Magmas of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius Volcano. EGS 2001 Abstract. [12] Webster, J.D. and De Vivo, B. (2002) Experimental and Modeled Solubilities of Chlorine in Aluminosilicate Melts, Consequences of Magma Evolution, and Implications for Exsolution of Hydrous Chlorine Melt at Mt. Somma-Vesuvius. American Mineralogist, 87, 1046-1061. [13] Signorelli, S. and Capaccioni, B. (1999) Behavior of Chlorine Prior and during the 79 AD Plinian Eruption of Vesuvius (Southern Italy) as Inferred from the Present Distribution in Glassy Mesostases and Whole-Pumices. Lithos, 46, 715-730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00092-9 [14] Webster, J.D., Kinzler, R.J. and Mathez, E.A. (1999) Chlorine and Water Solubility in Basalt and Andesite Melts and Implications for Magma Degassing. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 729-738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00043-5 [15] Webster, J.D. (1997) Exsolution of Magmatic Volatile Phases from Cl-Enriched Mineralizing Granitic Magmas and Implications for Ore Metal Transport. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 1017-1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00395-X [16] Webster, J.D. (2004) The Exsolution of Magmatic Hydrosaline Chloride Liquids. Chemical Geology, 210, 33-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.003 [17] De Natale, G., Troise, C., Pingue, F., De Gori, P. and Chiarabba, C. (2001) Structure and Dynamics of the Somma-Vesuvius Volcanic Complex. Mineralogy and Petrology, 73, 5-22.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007100170007
[1] Belkin, H.E., Kilburn, C.R.J. and De Vivo, B. (1993) Chemistry of the Lavas and Tephra from Recent (AD 1631-1944) Vesuvius (Italy) Volcanic Activity. US Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-399, 44. [2] Marianelli, P., Metrich, N., Santacroce, R. and Sbrana, A. (1995) Mafic Magma Batches at Vesuvius: A Glass Inclusion Approach to the Modalities of Feeding Stratovolcanoes. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 120, 159-169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00287113 [3] Marianelli, P., Metrich, N. and Sbrana, A. (1999) Shallow and Deep Reservoirs Involved in Magma Supply of the 1944 Eruption of Vesuvius. Bulletin of Volcanology, 61, 48-63.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050262 [4] Raia, F., Webster, J.D. and De Vivo, B. (2000) Pre-Eruptive Volatile Contents of Vesuvius Magmas: Constraints on Eruptive History and Behavior. I. The Medieval and Modern Interplinian Activities. European Journal of Mineralogy, 12, 179-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2000/0012-0179 [5] Fulignati, P., Marianelli, P. and Sbrana, A. (2000) Glass-Bearing Felsic Nodules from the Crystallizing Sidewalls of the 1944 Vesuvius Magma Chamber. Mineralogical Magazine, 64, 481-496.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646100549373 [6] Webster, J.D., Raia, F., De Vivo, B. and Rolandi, G. (2001) The Behavior of Chlorine and Sulfur during Differentiation of the Mt. Somma-Vesuvius Magmatic System. Mineralogy and Petrology, 73, 177-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007100170016 [7] Ayuso, R.A., De Vivo, B., Rolandi, G., Seal, R.R. II and Paone, A. (1998) Geochemical and Isotopic (Nd-Pb-Sr-O) Variations Bearing on the Genesis of Volcanic Rocks from Vesuvius, Italy. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 82, 53-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00057-7 [8] Morizet, Y., Brooker, R.A. and Kohn, S.C. (2002) CO2 in Haplo-Phonolite Melt: Solubility, Speciation and Carbonate Complexation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 1809-1820.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00893-6 [9] Belkin, H.E., De Vivo, B., Roedder, E. and Cortini, M. (1985) Fluid Inclusion Geobarometry from Ejected Mt. Somma-Vesuvius Nodules. American Mineralogist, 70, 288-303. [10] Belkin, H.E. and De Vivo, B. (1993) Fluid Inclusion Studies of Ejected Nodules from Plinian Eruptions of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 58, 89-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(93)90103-X [11] Paone, A., Webster, J., Raia, F. and De Vivo, B. (2001) Preliminary Results of Melt Inclusion and Experimental Volatile Solubility Studies for Alkaline Magmas of Mt. Somma-Vesuvius Volcano. EGS 2001 Abstract. [12] Webster, J.D. and De Vivo, B. (2002) Experimental and Modeled Solubilities of Chlorine in Aluminosilicate Melts, Consequences of Magma Evolution, and Implications for Exsolution of Hydrous Chlorine Melt at Mt. Somma-Vesuvius. American Mineralogist, 87, 1046-1061. [13] Signorelli, S. and Capaccioni, B. (1999) Behavior of Chlorine Prior and during the 79 AD Plinian Eruption of Vesuvius (Southern Italy) as Inferred from the Present Distribution in Glassy Mesostases and Whole-Pumices. Lithos, 46, 715-730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00092-9 [14] Webster, J.D., Kinzler, R.J. and Mathez, E.A. (1999) Chlorine and Water Solubility in Basalt and Andesite Melts and Implications for Magma Degassing. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63, 729-738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00043-5 [15] Webster, J.D. (1997) Exsolution of Magmatic Volatile Phases from Cl-Enriched Mineralizing Granitic Magmas and Implications for Ore Metal Transport. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 1017-1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00395-X [16] Webster, J.D. (2004) The Exsolution of Magmatic Hydrosaline Chloride Liquids. Chemical Geology, 210, 33-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.003 [17] De Natale, G., Troise, C., Pingue, F., De Gori, P. and Chiarabba, C. (2001) Structure and Dynamics of the Somma-Vesuvius Volcanic Complex. Mineralogy and Petrology, 73, 5-22.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007100170007