Nutritional Status and Total Phenols of Passiflora Genotypes Related to Nitrogen Fertilization
Author(s)
Renata Vianna Lima,
Almy Junior Cordeiro de Carvalho,
Paulo Cesar Santos,
Jalille Amim Altoé Freitas,
Mírian Peixoto Soares da Silva,
Silvio de Jesus Freitas,
Marta Simone Mendonça Freitas
Affiliation(s)
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil.
Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil.
ABSTRACT
This paper was developed in order to verify the influence of nitrogen fertilization and different genotypes in the nutritional aspect and in the production of total phenols in passifloraceae. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 5 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme, being five genotypes of Passiflora (three genotypes of Passiflora edulis, a genotype of Passiflora alata and a genotype of Passiflora ligularis), two levels of cow manure (with and without) and two doses of N (20 and 80 g), with four replicates. At 120 days after sowing, levels of foliar nutrient and total phenols were determined. Foliar N content varied depending on N doses, organic fertilization and the genotypes used. Foliar levels of P and K were higher when all genotypes received organic fertilization, while the levels of Fe and Mn were similar regardless of this fertilization. The levels of Ca and Mg were higher related to organic fertilization and the genotypes, in isolation. But the foliar contents of S, Zn and Cu increased only in relation to the used genotypes, and the average foliar content of total phenols found was 19.4 g·kg-1, ranging from 13.1 to 23.2 g·kg-1, being the lowest value observed in Passiflora alata without fertilization with cow manure. It is concluded that the nutritional requirement for N is greater for genotypes of the species Passiflora edulis in relation to the species Passiflora alata and Passiflora ligulares, and that the organic fertilization influences positively in the production of total phenols only for the genotype of sweet passion fruit.
This paper was developed in order to verify the influence of nitrogen fertilization and different genotypes in the nutritional aspect and in the production of total phenols in passifloraceae. The experimental design was randomized blocks in a 5 × 2 × 2 factorial scheme, being five genotypes of Passiflora (three genotypes of Passiflora edulis, a genotype of Passiflora alata and a genotype of Passiflora ligularis), two levels of cow manure (with and without) and two doses of N (20 and 80 g), with four replicates. At 120 days after sowing, levels of foliar nutrient and total phenols were determined. Foliar N content varied depending on N doses, organic fertilization and the genotypes used. Foliar levels of P and K were higher when all genotypes received organic fertilization, while the levels of Fe and Mn were similar regardless of this fertilization. The levels of Ca and Mg were higher related to organic fertilization and the genotypes, in isolation. But the foliar contents of S, Zn and Cu increased only in relation to the used genotypes, and the average foliar content of total phenols found was 19.4 g·kg-1, ranging from 13.1 to 23.2 g·kg-1, being the lowest value observed in Passiflora alata without fertilization with cow manure. It is concluded that the nutritional requirement for N is greater for genotypes of the species Passiflora edulis in relation to the species Passiflora alata and Passiflora ligulares, and that the organic fertilization influences positively in the production of total phenols only for the genotype of sweet passion fruit.
Cite this paper
Lima, R. , de Carvalho, A. , Santos, P. , Altoé Freitas, J. , Soares da Silva, M. , Jesus Freitas, S. and Mendonça Freitas, M. (2015) Nutritional Status and Total Phenols of Passiflora Genotypes Related to Nitrogen Fertilization. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6, 685-692. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2015.65074.
Lima, R. , de Carvalho, A. , Santos, P. , Altoé Freitas, J. , Soares da Silva, M. , Jesus Freitas, S. and Mendonça Freitas, M. (2015) Nutritional Status and Total Phenols of Passiflora Genotypes Related to Nitrogen Fertilization. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 6, 685-692. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2015.65074.
References
[1] Macoris, M.S., Janzantti, N.S., Garruti, D.S. and Monteiro, M. (2011) Volatile Compounds from Organic and Conventional Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis F. var flavicarpa Deg.) Pulp. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 31, 430-435.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612011000200023 [2] Oliveira, L.C., Santos, J.A.B., Narain, N., Fontes, A.S., Campos, R.S.S. and Souza, T.L. (2012) Characterization and Extraction of Volatile Compounds from Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims F. flavicarpa Degener) Processing Wast. Ciência Rural, 42, 2280-2287.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782012005000103 [3] Vargas, P.N., Hoelzel, S.C. and Rosa, C.S.da. (2007) Determination of Total Polyphenols Content and Antioxidant Activity in Commercial Grape Juices. Alimentos e Nutrição Araraquara, 19, 11-15. [4] Gobbo-Neto, L. and Lopes, N.P. (2007) Medicinal Plants: Factors of Influence on the Content of Secondary Metabolites. Química Nova, 30, 374-381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000200026 [5] Freitas, M.S.M., Monnerat, P.H., Vieira, I.J.C. and Carvalho, A.J.C.de. (2007) Flavonoids and Mineral Composition the Leaf in Yellow Passion Fruit Plant in Function of Leaves at Positions in the Branch. Ciência Rural, 37, 1634-1639.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782007000600020 [6] Freitas, M.S.M., Monnerat, P.H., Carvalho, A.J.C.de. and Vasconcelos, M.A. (2011) Deficiency Symptoms of Macronutrientes and Boron in Sweet Passion Fruit Plant. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 33, 1329-1341.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452011000400034 [7] Souza, L.B., Heitor, L.C., Santos, P.C.dos., Freitas, J.A.A., Freitas, M.S.M.de., Freitas, S.de.J. and Carvalho, Al.J.C. (2013) Growth, Mineral Composition and Total Phenol of Passiflora Species as Affected by Nitrogen Sources. Bragantia, 72, 247-254. [8] Cavalcante, L.F., Rodolfo Júnior, F., Beckmann-Cavalcante, M.Z. and Santos, G.P. (2012) Leaf-Macronutrient Status and Fruit Yield of Biofertilized Yellow Passion Fruit Plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35, 176-191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2012.636121 [9] Marschner, P. (2012) Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Elsevier, San Diego. [10] Santos, P.C., Lopes, L.C., Freitas, S.J., Sousa, L.B. and Carvalho, A.J.C. (2011) Initial Growth and Nutritional Content of Yellow Passion Fruit Subjected to Fertilization with Different Nitrogen Sources. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 33, 722-728.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452011000500101 [11] Cavalcante, í.H.L., Cavalcante, L.F., Santos, G.D., Beckmann-Cavalcante, M.Z. and Silva, S.M. (2012) Impact of Biofertilizers on Mineral Status and Fruit Quality of Yellow Passion Fruit in Brazil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 43, 2027-2042.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2012.693234 [12] Pires, A.A., Monnerat, P.H., Pinho, L.G.R., Zampirolli, P.D., Rosa, R.C.C. and Muniz, R.A. (2009) Effects of Alternative Fertilization on Production Components of Yellow Passion Fruit. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy, 31, 655-660. [13] de Carvalho, A.J.C., Monnerat, P.H., Martins, D.P., Bernardo, S. and da Silva, J.A. (2002) Leaf Nutrient Contents in Yellow Passionfruit in Response to Nitrogen Fertilization, Irrigation and Sampling Time. Scientia Agricola, 59, 121-127. [14] Jackson, M.L. (1965) Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. [15] Anderson, J.D. and Ingram, J.S.I. (1996) Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility: A Handbook of Methods. CAB International, Wallingford. [16] Aita, C. and Giacomini, S.J. (2003) Crop Residue Decomposition and Nitrogen Release in Single and Mixed Cover Crops. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 27, 601-612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832003000400004 [17] Moraes, J.C.B., Salcedo, I.H. and Sousa, V.F. (2011) Potassium Doses by Drip Irrigation in the Nutritional State of Yellow Passion Fruit. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 15, 763-770. [18] Rosolem, C.A., dos Santos, F.P., Foloni, J.S.S. and Calonego, J.C. (2006) Soil Potassium as Affected by Fertilization over the Millet Straw and Simulated Rain. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 41, 1033-1040.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2006000600020 [19] de Carvalho, A.J.C., Martins, D.P., Monnerat, P.H. and da Silva, J.A. (2001) Nutrients Contents in the Leaf Dry Matter Associated with Seasonal Phenology, Potassium Fertilization and Irrigation Depths in Yellow Passionfruit. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 23, 403-408.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452001000200041 [20] Freitas, M.S.M., Monnerat, P.H. and Vieira, I.J.C. (2008) Mineral Deficiency in Passiflora alata Curtis: Vitexin Bioproduction. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31, 1844-1854.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160802325552 [21] IFA—International Fertilizer Industry Association (1992) World Fertilizer Use Manual. BASF Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhaf. [22] Netto, A.F.R., Freitas, M.S.M., Martins, M.A., de Carvalho, A.J.C. and Vitorazzi Filho, J.A. (2014) Total Phenols in Passiflora alata Curtis Inoculated with Mycorrhizal Fungi. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 16, 1-9.
[1] Macoris, M.S., Janzantti, N.S., Garruti, D.S. and Monteiro, M. (2011) Volatile Compounds from Organic and Conventional Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis F. var flavicarpa Deg.) Pulp. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 31, 430-435.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612011000200023 [2] Oliveira, L.C., Santos, J.A.B., Narain, N., Fontes, A.S., Campos, R.S.S. and Souza, T.L. (2012) Characterization and Extraction of Volatile Compounds from Passion Fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims F. flavicarpa Degener) Processing Wast. Ciência Rural, 42, 2280-2287.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782012005000103 [3] Vargas, P.N., Hoelzel, S.C. and Rosa, C.S.da. (2007) Determination of Total Polyphenols Content and Antioxidant Activity in Commercial Grape Juices. Alimentos e Nutrição Araraquara, 19, 11-15. [4] Gobbo-Neto, L. and Lopes, N.P. (2007) Medicinal Plants: Factors of Influence on the Content of Secondary Metabolites. Química Nova, 30, 374-381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-40422007000200026 [5] Freitas, M.S.M., Monnerat, P.H., Vieira, I.J.C. and Carvalho, A.J.C.de. (2007) Flavonoids and Mineral Composition the Leaf in Yellow Passion Fruit Plant in Function of Leaves at Positions in the Branch. Ciência Rural, 37, 1634-1639.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782007000600020 [6] Freitas, M.S.M., Monnerat, P.H., Carvalho, A.J.C.de. and Vasconcelos, M.A. (2011) Deficiency Symptoms of Macronutrientes and Boron in Sweet Passion Fruit Plant. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 33, 1329-1341.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452011000400034 [7] Souza, L.B., Heitor, L.C., Santos, P.C.dos., Freitas, J.A.A., Freitas, M.S.M.de., Freitas, S.de.J. and Carvalho, Al.J.C. (2013) Growth, Mineral Composition and Total Phenol of Passiflora Species as Affected by Nitrogen Sources. Bragantia, 72, 247-254. [8] Cavalcante, L.F., Rodolfo Júnior, F., Beckmann-Cavalcante, M.Z. and Santos, G.P. (2012) Leaf-Macronutrient Status and Fruit Yield of Biofertilized Yellow Passion Fruit Plants. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35, 176-191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2012.636121 [9] Marschner, P. (2012) Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. Elsevier, San Diego. [10] Santos, P.C., Lopes, L.C., Freitas, S.J., Sousa, L.B. and Carvalho, A.J.C. (2011) Initial Growth and Nutritional Content of Yellow Passion Fruit Subjected to Fertilization with Different Nitrogen Sources. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 33, 722-728.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452011000500101 [11] Cavalcante, í.H.L., Cavalcante, L.F., Santos, G.D., Beckmann-Cavalcante, M.Z. and Silva, S.M. (2012) Impact of Biofertilizers on Mineral Status and Fruit Quality of Yellow Passion Fruit in Brazil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 43, 2027-2042.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2012.693234 [12] Pires, A.A., Monnerat, P.H., Pinho, L.G.R., Zampirolli, P.D., Rosa, R.C.C. and Muniz, R.A. (2009) Effects of Alternative Fertilization on Production Components of Yellow Passion Fruit. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy, 31, 655-660. [13] de Carvalho, A.J.C., Monnerat, P.H., Martins, D.P., Bernardo, S. and da Silva, J.A. (2002) Leaf Nutrient Contents in Yellow Passionfruit in Response to Nitrogen Fertilization, Irrigation and Sampling Time. Scientia Agricola, 59, 121-127. [14] Jackson, M.L. (1965) Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. [15] Anderson, J.D. and Ingram, J.S.I. (1996) Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility: A Handbook of Methods. CAB International, Wallingford. [16] Aita, C. and Giacomini, S.J. (2003) Crop Residue Decomposition and Nitrogen Release in Single and Mixed Cover Crops. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, 27, 601-612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-06832003000400004 [17] Moraes, J.C.B., Salcedo, I.H. and Sousa, V.F. (2011) Potassium Doses by Drip Irrigation in the Nutritional State of Yellow Passion Fruit. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental, 15, 763-770. [18] Rosolem, C.A., dos Santos, F.P., Foloni, J.S.S. and Calonego, J.C. (2006) Soil Potassium as Affected by Fertilization over the Millet Straw and Simulated Rain. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 41, 1033-1040.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2006000600020 [19] de Carvalho, A.J.C., Martins, D.P., Monnerat, P.H. and da Silva, J.A. (2001) Nutrients Contents in the Leaf Dry Matter Associated with Seasonal Phenology, Potassium Fertilization and Irrigation Depths in Yellow Passionfruit. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 23, 403-408.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-29452001000200041 [20] Freitas, M.S.M., Monnerat, P.H. and Vieira, I.J.C. (2008) Mineral Deficiency in Passiflora alata Curtis: Vitexin Bioproduction. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 31, 1844-1854.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160802325552 [21] IFA—International Fertilizer Industry Association (1992) World Fertilizer Use Manual. BASF Agricultural Research Station, Limburgerhaf. [22] Netto, A.F.R., Freitas, M.S.M., Martins, M.A., de Carvalho, A.J.C. and Vitorazzi Filho, J.A. (2014) Total Phenols in Passiflora alata Curtis Inoculated with Mycorrhizal Fungi. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 16, 1-9.