Online Educational Resources Regarding Cardiovascular Prevention
Author(s)
Aldo T. Marrocco*
ABSTRACT
This paper presents several informative and educational tools aimed to explain some mechanisms of Miocardial Infarction and Stroke, their risk factors and their prevention. Such educational and informative documents are in English and consist of texts, images, videos, animations and games. They are downloadable for free and can be used with the method considered by the teacher as most appropriate. Among the aims of the study is to provide information on the effects which some of our daily actions may have on the circulatory system. The pathological processes affecting blood vessels may start to develop during childhood or adolescence as a consequence of physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, smoking and alcohol abuse. Notoriously, unhealthy behaviours learned in early age are very likely to be continued in the adulthood. By the time they can lead to important car-diovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure, overweight or obesity, raised blood sugars and lipids. Some of the documents presented in this manuscript suggest that complying with cardivascular prevention measures may also, at the same time, reduce the risk of other diseases.
This paper presents several informative and educational tools aimed to explain some mechanisms of Miocardial Infarction and Stroke, their risk factors and their prevention. Such educational and informative documents are in English and consist of texts, images, videos, animations and games. They are downloadable for free and can be used with the method considered by the teacher as most appropriate. Among the aims of the study is to provide information on the effects which some of our daily actions may have on the circulatory system. The pathological processes affecting blood vessels may start to develop during childhood or adolescence as a consequence of physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, smoking and alcohol abuse. Notoriously, unhealthy behaviours learned in early age are very likely to be continued in the adulthood. By the time they can lead to important car-diovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure, overweight or obesity, raised blood sugars and lipids. Some of the documents presented in this manuscript suggest that complying with cardivascular prevention measures may also, at the same time, reduce the risk of other diseases.
Cite this paper
Marrocco, A. (2015) Online Educational Resources Regarding Cardiovascular Prevention. E-Health Telecommunication Systems and Networks, 4, 10-21. doi: 10.4236/etsn.2015.41002.
Marrocco, A. (2015) Online Educational Resources Regarding Cardiovascular Prevention. E-Health Telecommunication Systems and Networks, 4, 10-21. doi: 10.4236/etsn.2015.41002.
References
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http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/AboutHeartAttacks/
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http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/37/6/1583.full [9] World Health Organisation/ISH Risk Prediction Charts.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2005.081760 [11] American Heart Association (2012) About HBP; Why HBP Matters; Your Risk for HBP; Symptoms, Diagnosis & Monitoring of HBP; Prevention & Treatment of HBP.
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/
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pressao-arterial-e-exercicio-resistido.pdf [24] Lisenbardt, S.T., Thomas, T.R. and Madsen, R.W. (1992) Effect of Breathing Techniques on Blood Pressure Response to Resistance Exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 97-100.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1671/ [31] Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2006) Do Increased Portion Sizes Affect How Much We Eat?
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/pdf/portion_size_research.pdf [32] University of Wisconsin-Madison (2015) HipHop2Health Comic Book.
http://apps2.pharmacy.wisc.edu/unity/target.cfm [33] Keiko, H., Hayashi, T., Iwanaga, S., Kawai, K., Ishii, H., Shoji, S. and Murakami, K. (2003) Laughter Lowered the Increase in Postprandial Blood Glucose. Diabetes Care, 26, 1651-1652.
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/5/1651.long [34] Harvard School of Public Health (2012) Simple Steps to Preventing Diabetes.
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/diabetes-prevention/
preventing-diabetes-full-story/index.html#references [35] Augustin, L.S., Franceschi, S., Jenkins, D.J.A., et al. (2002) Glycemic Index in Chronic Disease: A Review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56, 1049-1071.
http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v56/n11/full/1601454a.html [36] Foster-Powell, K., Holt, S. and Brand-Miller, J.C. (2002) International Table of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values: 2002. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76, 5-56.
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/76/1/5.full [37] The Harvard Medical School (2009) Abdominal Obesity and Your Health.
http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/abdominal-obesity-and-your-health.shtml [38] Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2012) Overweight and Obesity.
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html [39] Ludwig, D.S., Majzoub, J.A., Al-Zahrani, A., Dallal, G.E., Blanco, I. and Roberts, S.B. (1999) High Glicaemic Index Foods, Overeating and Obesity. Pediatrics, 103, e26.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/e26.full
http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.103.3.e26 [40] Warren, J.M., Jeya, C.K. and Simonite, V. (2003) Low Glycemic Index Breakfasts and Reduced Food Intake in Preadolescent Children. Pediatrics, 112, e414.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/5/e414.full.pdf [41] World Health Organization (2012) Childhood Overweight and Obesity.
http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/ [42] Saferoutesinfo.org. (2012) Safe Routes to School Online Guide.
http://guide.saferoutesinfo.org/ [43] Wisconsin Department of Health Services (2012) Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Prevention Program.
http://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/health/physicalactivity/ [44] University of Maryland (2010) Food Safety in the School Garden.
http://extension.umd.edu/growit/youth-gardening/food-safety-school-garden [45] US Department of Agriculture, NRCS (2011) Soil Education.
http://soils.usda.gov/education/ [46] myDr for a Healthy Australia. Animation: Effects of Obesity.
http://www.mydr.com.au/index/A [47] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Smoking and Tobacco Use.
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2010/index.htm [48] A Report of the Surgeon General (2012) Preventing Alcohol Use among Youth and Young Adults.
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2012/consumer_booklet/pdfs/consumer.pdf [49] Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2012) Smoking and Tobacco Use.
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ [50] American Cancer Society (2012) Guide to Quitting Smoking.
http://www.cancer.org/healthy/stayawayfromtobacco/guidetoquittingsmoking/index [51] Medline Plus, National Institutes of Health (2012) Smoking—Tips on How to Quit.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001992.htm [52] Zakhari, S. (1997) Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System: Molecular Mechanisms for Beneficial and Harmful Action. Vol. 21, 21-29.
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh21-1/21.pdf [53] American Heart Association (2012) Why Arrhythmia Matters.
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Arrhythmia/WhyArrhythmiaMatters/
Why-Arrhythmia-Matters_UCM_002023_Article.jsp [54] National Institute on Drug Abuse (2012) Medical Consequences on Drug Abuse.
http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/medical-consequences-drug-abuse [55] The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (2012) Lesson Resources for Teachers.
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/scied/teachers/ [56] World Health Organization (2012) Cancer Prevention.
http://www.who.int/cancer/prevention/en/ [57] Timothy, J.K., Schatzkin, A., Willett, W.C., et al. (2004) Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer. Public Health Nutrition, 7, 187-200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/PHN2003588
http://cdrwww.who.int/nutrition/publications/public_health_nut6.pdf [58] International Agency for Research on Cancer (2002) Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking.
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/volume83.pdf [59] Cornelius, M.D. and Day, N. (2009) Developmental Consequences of Prenatal Tobacco Exposure. Current Opinion in Neurology, 22, 121-125.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745235/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e328326f6dc [60] Arcavi, L. and Benowitz, N.L. (2004) Cigarette Smoking and Infection. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164, 2206-2216.
http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=217624#qundefined
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.20.2206 [61] American Academy of Pediatrics—Committee on Substance Abuse and Committee on Children with Disabilities (2000) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/106/2/358.long [62] International Agency for Research on Cancer (1998) Alcohol Drinking.
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol44/volume44.pdf [63] Guenel, P., Chastang, J.F., Luce, D., Leclerc, A. and Brugire, J. (1988) A Study of the Interaction of Alcohol Drinking and Tobacco Smoking among French Cases of Laryngeal Cancer. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 42, 350-354.
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[1] Virtual Medical Centre (2012) Blood Function and Composition.
http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/anatomy/blood-function-and-composition/30 [2] World Health Organisation (2012) The Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke.
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2004/pr68/en/index.html [3] World Health Organisation (2011) Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control.
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241564373_eng.pdf [4] World Health Organisation (2005) Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment.
http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/full_report.pdf [5] Medmovie.com. (2007) Cardiovascular Glossary Media Library.
http://www.medmovie.com/mmdatabase/MediaPlayer.aspx?ClientID=65 [6] Medindia. Health Animations A - Z.
http://www.medindia.net/animation/index.htm#k [7] American Heart Association (2013) About Heart Attacks.
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/AboutHeartAttacks/
About-Heart-Attacks_UCM_002038_Article.jsp [8] American Heart Association (2006) Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke.
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/37/6/1583.full [9] World Health Organisation/ISH Risk Prediction Charts.
http://new.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2010/colour_charts_24_Aug_07.pdf [10] Celermajer, D.S. and Ayer, J.G.J. (2006) Childhood Risk Factors for Adult Cardiovascular Disease and Primary Prevention in Childhood. Heart, 92, 1701-1706.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1861256/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2005.081760 [11] American Heart Association (2012) About HBP; Why HBP Matters; Your Risk for HBP; Symptoms, Diagnosis & Monitoring of HBP; Prevention & Treatment of HBP.
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HighBloodPressure/
High-Blood-Pressure-or-Hypertension_UCM_002020_SubHomePage.jsp [12] US Department of Health and Human Services (2012) Interactive Health Education Tools from the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/resources/HealthTools/index.aspx [13] Elliott, P. and Brown, I. (2006) Sodium Intakes around the World.
http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/Elliot-brown-2007.pdf [14] Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2012) Division for Heart Diseases and Stroke Prevention.
http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/ [15] National Kidney Disease Education Program (2011) Sodium.
http://nkdep.nih.gov/resources/nutrition-sodium-508.pdf [16] University of Maryland Medical Centre (2011) Stress.
http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/stress_000031.htm [17] Stephen, G.L., Mata, K.A. and Evans, G.V. (1993) Social Support Lowers Cardiovascular Reactivity to an Acute Stressor. Psychosomatic Medicine.
http://astro.temple.edu/~slepore/Lepore_PM_1993 [18] University of Iowa Hospitals & Clinics (2008) Health Information Topics for Exercise and Fitness.
http://www.uihealthcare.org/Adam/?/HIE%20Multimedia/1/001941 [19] Kyeongra, Y. (2007) A Review of Yoga Program for Four Risk Factors of Chronic Diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4, 487-491.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2176145/?tool=pubmed [20] American Heart Association (2003) Exercise and Cardiovascular Health.
http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/107/1/e2.full [21] Harvard Medical School (2009) Take a Deep Breath.
http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsletters/Harvard_Mental_Health_Letter/
2009/May/Take-a-deep-breath [22] Mori, H., Yamamoto, H., Kuwashima, M., Saito, S., Ukai, H., Hirao, K., et al. (2005) How Does Deep Breathing Affect Office Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate? Nature.com, 499-504.
http://www.nature.com/hr/journal/v28/n6/pdf/hr200562a.pdf [23] Mac Dougall, J.D., Tuxen, T., Sale, D.G., Moroz, J.R. and Sutton, J.R. (1984) Arterial Blood Pressure Response to Heavy Resistance Exercise. Luzimar Texeira, 785-790.
http://www.luzimarteixeira.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/
pressao-arterial-e-exercicio-resistido.pdf [24] Lisenbardt, S.T., Thomas, T.R. and Madsen, R.W. (1992) Effect of Breathing Techniques on Blood Pressure Response to Resistance Exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 26, 97-100.
http://bjsm.bmj.com/content/26/2/97.full.pdf [25] Harvard School of Public Health (2013) The Nutrition Source.
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/
fats-full-story/index.html#references [26] US Department of Health and Human Services (2005) Your Guide to Lowering Cholesterol with TLC.
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.pdf [27] Massachussets Institute of Technology (2007)
http://web.mit.edu/athletics/sportsmedicine/wcrminerals.html. [28] Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2010) Cholesterol—Risk Factors.
http://www.cdc.gov/cholesterol/risk_factors.htm [29] US Department of Health and Human Services (2012) Diabetes.
http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/ [30] Laura, D. and Mc Entyre, J. (2004) National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). The Genetic Landscape of Diabetes.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1671/ [31] Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2006) Do Increased Portion Sizes Affect How Much We Eat?
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/nutrition/pdf/portion_size_research.pdf [32] University of Wisconsin-Madison (2015) HipHop2Health Comic Book.
http://apps2.pharmacy.wisc.edu/unity/target.cfm [33] Keiko, H., Hayashi, T., Iwanaga, S., Kawai, K., Ishii, H., Shoji, S. and Murakami, K. (2003) Laughter Lowered the Increase in Postprandial Blood Glucose. Diabetes Care, 26, 1651-1652.
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/26/5/1651.long [34] Harvard School of Public Health (2012) Simple Steps to Preventing Diabetes.
http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/diabetes-prevention/
preventing-diabetes-full-story/index.html#references [35] Augustin, L.S., Franceschi, S., Jenkins, D.J.A., et al. (2002) Glycemic Index in Chronic Disease: A Review. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56, 1049-1071.
http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v56/n11/full/1601454a.html [36] Foster-Powell, K., Holt, S. and Brand-Miller, J.C. (2002) International Table of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Values: 2002. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76, 5-56.
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/76/1/5.full [37] The Harvard Medical School (2009) Abdominal Obesity and Your Health.
http://www.health.harvard.edu/fhg/updates/abdominal-obesity-and-your-health.shtml [38] Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2012) Overweight and Obesity.
http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/childhood/index.html [39] Ludwig, D.S., Majzoub, J.A., Al-Zahrani, A., Dallal, G.E., Blanco, I. and Roberts, S.B. (1999) High Glicaemic Index Foods, Overeating and Obesity. Pediatrics, 103, e26.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/e26.full
http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.103.3.e26 [40] Warren, J.M., Jeya, C.K. and Simonite, V. (2003) Low Glycemic Index Breakfasts and Reduced Food Intake in Preadolescent Children. Pediatrics, 112, e414.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/5/e414.full.pdf [41] World Health Organization (2012) Childhood Overweight and Obesity.
http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/childhood/en/ [42] Saferoutesinfo.org. (2012) Safe Routes to School Online Guide.
http://guide.saferoutesinfo.org/ [43] Wisconsin Department of Health Services (2012) Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Prevention Program.
http://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/health/physicalactivity/ [44] University of Maryland (2010) Food Safety in the School Garden.
http://extension.umd.edu/growit/youth-gardening/food-safety-school-garden [45] US Department of Agriculture, NRCS (2011) Soil Education.
http://soils.usda.gov/education/ [46] myDr for a Healthy Australia. Animation: Effects of Obesity.
http://www.mydr.com.au/index/A [47] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Smoking and Tobacco Use.
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2010/index.htm [48] A Report of the Surgeon General (2012) Preventing Alcohol Use among Youth and Young Adults.
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/sgr/2012/consumer_booklet/pdfs/consumer.pdf [49] Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (2012) Smoking and Tobacco Use.
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ [50] American Cancer Society (2012) Guide to Quitting Smoking.
http://www.cancer.org/healthy/stayawayfromtobacco/guidetoquittingsmoking/index [51] Medline Plus, National Institutes of Health (2012) Smoking—Tips on How to Quit.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001992.htm [52] Zakhari, S. (1997) Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System: Molecular Mechanisms for Beneficial and Harmful Action. Vol. 21, 21-29.
http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh21-1/21.pdf [53] American Heart Association (2012) Why Arrhythmia Matters.
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/Arrhythmia/WhyArrhythmiaMatters/
Why-Arrhythmia-Matters_UCM_002023_Article.jsp [54] National Institute on Drug Abuse (2012) Medical Consequences on Drug Abuse.
http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/medical-consequences-drug-abuse [55] The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (2012) Lesson Resources for Teachers.
http://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/scied/teachers/ [56] World Health Organization (2012) Cancer Prevention.
http://www.who.int/cancer/prevention/en/ [57] Timothy, J.K., Schatzkin, A., Willett, W.C., et al. (2004) Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer. Public Health Nutrition, 7, 187-200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/PHN2003588
http://cdrwww.who.int/nutrition/publications/public_health_nut6.pdf [58] International Agency for Research on Cancer (2002) Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking.
http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/volume83.pdf [59] Cornelius, M.D. and Day, N. (2009) Developmental Consequences of Prenatal Tobacco Exposure. Current Opinion in Neurology, 22, 121-125.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2745235/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/WCO.0b013e328326f6dc [60] Arcavi, L. and Benowitz, N.L. (2004) Cigarette Smoking and Infection. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164, 2206-2216.
http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=217624#qundefined
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.20.2206 [61] American Academy of Pediatrics—Committee on Substance Abuse and Committee on Children with Disabilities (2000) Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Alcohol-Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders.
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/106/2/358.long [62] International Agency for Research on Cancer (1998) Alcohol Drinking.
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