Amount of Calcium Elution and Eroded Lesion Depth in Bovine Enamel Derived from Single Short Time Immersion in Carbonated Soft Drink in Vitro
Affiliation(s)
1 Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Development and Fostering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama, Japan. 2 Division of Surgery, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan. 3 Division of Developmental Stomatognathic Function Science, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan.
1 Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Development and Fostering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama, Japan. 2 Division of Surgery, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan. 3 Division of Developmental Stomatognathic Function Science, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Fukuoka, Japan.
ABSTRACT
Erosion is one of serious oral health problems among Japanese children. Some dentists argue that brushing just after food/drink intake induces enamel abrasion. Objectives of this study were to evaluate amount of calcium elution from bovine enamel due to single and short immersion into carbonated soft drink, to calculate depth of the eroded lesion, and to determine when to brush teeth after carbonated soft drink intake from the view point of preventing enamel abrasion. Four enamel specimens were made from each of eight bovine teeth. The specimens were covered by quick-cure resin except for enamel surfaces. The four specimens from each bovine tooth were classified into three, six, nine, and 12 minutes immersion (IM3, IM6, IM9, and IM12) groups and immersed separately in five mL of carbonated soft drink. After the immersion, the calcium concentration of the original drink and the drink samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The dimension of each enamel specimen was calculated using a planimeter. The amount of eluted calcium per unit area of the enamel specimen into each drink sample was obtained. The depth of the demineralized lesion was obtained by dividing the amount of calcium elution per unit area by the concentration of calcium in enamel and the specific gravity of enamel. The lesion depth of the IM3 group was significantly lower than those in the IM6, IM9, and IM12 groups. The mean lesion depth in the IM12 group which showed the deepest lesion depth was 0.21 μm. As conclusions, the erosive lesion depth due to intake of carbonated soft drink was much shallower than remineralized enamel surface of a white spot lesion which can be repaired in plaque fluid in a short time, suggesting such erosion hardly causes tooth wear, hence it was suggested that brushing teeth just after the intake was recommended.
Erosion is one of serious oral health problems among Japanese children. Some dentists argue that brushing just after food/drink intake induces enamel abrasion. Objectives of this study were to evaluate amount of calcium elution from bovine enamel due to single and short immersion into carbonated soft drink, to calculate depth of the eroded lesion, and to determine when to brush teeth after carbonated soft drink intake from the view point of preventing enamel abrasion. Four enamel specimens were made from each of eight bovine teeth. The specimens were covered by quick-cure resin except for enamel surfaces. The four specimens from each bovine tooth were classified into three, six, nine, and 12 minutes immersion (IM3, IM6, IM9, and IM12) groups and immersed separately in five mL of carbonated soft drink. After the immersion, the calcium concentration of the original drink and the drink samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The dimension of each enamel specimen was calculated using a planimeter. The amount of eluted calcium per unit area of the enamel specimen into each drink sample was obtained. The depth of the demineralized lesion was obtained by dividing the amount of calcium elution per unit area by the concentration of calcium in enamel and the specific gravity of enamel. The lesion depth of the IM3 group was significantly lower than those in the IM6, IM9, and IM12 groups. The mean lesion depth in the IM12 group which showed the deepest lesion depth was 0.21 μm. As conclusions, the erosive lesion depth due to intake of carbonated soft drink was much shallower than remineralized enamel surface of a white spot lesion which can be repaired in plaque fluid in a short time, suggesting such erosion hardly causes tooth wear, hence it was suggested that brushing teeth just after the intake was recommended.
Cite this paper
Watanabe, K. , Tanaka, T. , Maki, K. , Nakashima, H. and Watanabe, S. (2015) Amount of Calcium Elution and Eroded Lesion Depth in Bovine Enamel Derived from Single Short Time Immersion in Carbonated Soft Drink in Vitro. Open Journal of Stomatology, 5, 80-86. doi: 10.4236/ojst.2015.53012.
Watanabe, K. , Tanaka, T. , Maki, K. , Nakashima, H. and Watanabe, S. (2015) Amount of Calcium Elution and Eroded Lesion Depth in Bovine Enamel Derived from Single Short Time Immersion in Carbonated Soft Drink in Vitro. Open Journal of Stomatology, 5, 80-86. doi: 10.4236/ojst.2015.53012.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/957842 [3] Torres, C.P., Chinelatti, M.A., Gomes-Silva, J.M., Rizóli, F.A., Oliveira, M.A., Palma-Dibb, R.G. and Borsatto, M.C. (2010) Surface and Subsurface Erosion of Primary Enamel by Acid Beverages over Time. Brazilian Dental Journal, 21, 337-345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-64402010000400009 [4] Casas-Apayco, L.C., Dreibi, V.M., Hipólito, A.C., Graeff, M.S., Rios, D., Magalhaes, A.C., Buzalaf, M.A. and Wang, L. (2014) Erosivecola-Based Drinks Affect the Bonding to Enamel Surface: An in Vitro Study. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 22, 434-441. [5] Ulusoy, C, Müjdeci, A. and Gokay, O. (2009) The Effect of Herbal Teas on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets. The European Journal of Orthodontics, 31, 385-389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjn129 [6] Austin, R.S., Stenhagen, K.S., Hove, L.H., Dunne, S., Moazzez, R., Bartlett, D.W. and Tveit, A.B. (2011) A Qualitative and Quantitative Investigation into the Effect of Fluoride Formulations on Enamel Erosion and Erosion-Abrasion in Vitro. Journal of Dentistry, 39, 648-655.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2011.07.006 [7] Carvalho, T.S. and Lussi, A. (2014) Combined Effect of a Fluoride-, Stannous- and Chitosan-Containing Toothpaste and Stannous-Containing Rinse on the Prevention of Initial Enamel Erosion-Abrasion. Journal of Dentistry, 42, 450- 459.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2014.01.004 [8] Pancote, L.P., Manarelli, M.M., Danelon, M. and Delbem, A.C. (2014) Effect of Fluoride Gels Supplemented with Sodium Trimetaphosphate on Enamel Erosion and Abrasion: In Vitro Study. Archives of Oral Biology, 59, 336-340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.12.007 [9] Wiegand, A., Schneider, S., Sener, B., Roos, M. and Attin, T. (2014) Stability against Brushing Abrasion and the Erosion-Protective Effect of Different Fluoride Compounds. Caries Research, 48, 154-162.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000353143 [10] Attin, T., Siegel, S., Buchalla, W., Lennon, A.M., Hannig, C. and Becker, K. (2004) Brushing Abrasion of Softened and Remineralised Dentin: An in Situ Study. Caries Research, 38, 62-66.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000073922 [11] Larsen, M.J. (2008) Erosion of the Teeth. In: Fejerskov, O. and Kidd, E., Eds., Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management, Blackwell Munksgaard, Oxford, 233-247. [12] Meckelburg, N., Pinto, K.C., Farah, A., Iorio, N.L., Pierro, V.S., Dos Santos, K.R., Maia, L.C. and Antonio, A.G. (2014) Antibacterial Effect of Coffee: Calcium Concentration in a Culture Containing Teeth/Biofilm Exposed to Coffea canephora Aqueous Extract. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 59, 342-347.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lam.12281 [13] Yetkiner, E., Wegehaupt, F.J., Attin, R., Wiegand, A. and Attin, T. (2014) Stability of Two Resin Combinations Used as Sealants against Toothbrush Abrasion and Acid Challenge in Vitro. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 72, 825-830. [14] Wiegand, A., Wegehaupt, F., Werner, C. and Attin, T. (2007) Susceptibility of Acid-Softened Enamel to Mechanical Wear-Ultrasonication versus Toothbrushing Abrasion. Caries Research, 41, 56-60.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000096106 [15] Huang, T.T., Jones, A.S., He, L.H., Darendeliler, M.A. and Swain, M.V. (2007) Characterisation of Enamel White Spot Lesions Using X-Ray Micro-Tomography. Journal of Dentistry, 35, 737-743.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2007.06.001 [16] Jensdottir, T., Nauntofte, B., Buchwald, C. and Bardow, A. (2005) Effects of Sucking Acidic Candy on Whole-Mouth Saliva Composition. Caries Research, 39, 468-474.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000088181 [17] Vongsavan, K., Surarit, R. and Rirattanapong, P. (2014) The Combined Effect of Xylitol and Fluoride in Varnish on Bovine Teeth Surface Microhardness. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 45, 505-510. [18] Bakry, A.S., Marghalani, H.Y., Amin, O.A. and Tagami, J. (2014) The Effect of a Bioglass Paste on Enamel Exposed to Erosive Challenge. Journal of Dentistry, 42, 1458-1463.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2014.05.014 [19] Lata, S., Varghese, N.O. and Varughese, J.M. (2010) Remineralization Potential of Fluoride and Amorphous Calcium Phosphate-Casein Phospho Peptide on Enamel Lesions: An in Vitro Comparative Evaluation. Journal of Conservative Dentistry, 13, 42-46.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.62634 [20] Sullivan, R., Rege, A., Corby, P., Klaczany, G., Allen, K., Hershkowitz, D., Goldder, B. and Wolff, M. (2014) Evaluation of a Dentifrice Containing 8% Arginine, Calcium Carbonate, and Sodium Monofluorophosphate to Repair Acid-Softened Enamel Using an Intra-Oral Remineralization Model. The Journal of Clinical Dentistry, 25, A14-A19. [21] Wiegand, A., Kowing, L. and Attin, T. (2007) Impact of Brushing Force on Abrasion of Acid-Softened and Sound Enamel. Archives of Oral Biology, 52, 1043-1047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.06.004 [22] Voronets, J. and Lussi, A. (2010) Thickness of Softened Human Enamel Removed by Toothbrush Abrasion: An in Vitro Study. Clinical Oral Investigations, 14, 251-256.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-009-0288-y [23] Shellis, R.P., Featherstone, J.D. and Lussi, A. (2014) Understanding the Chemistry of Dental Erosion. Monographs in Oral Science, 25, 163-179.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000359943 [24] Barbour, M.E. and Lussi, A. (2014) Erosion in Relation to Nutrition and the Environment. Monographs in Oral Science, 25, 143-154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000359941 [25] Davis, W.B. and Winter, P.J. (1980) The Effect of Abrasion on Enamel and Dentine and Exposure to Dietary Acid. British Dental Journal, 148, 253-256.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4804430 [26] Attin, T., Koidl, U., Buchalla, W., Schaller, H.G., Kielbassa, A.M. and Hellwig, E. (1997) Correlation of Microhardness and Wear in Differently Eroded Bovine Dental Enamel. Archives of Oral Biology, 42, 243-250.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(06)00073-2 [27] Attin, T., Buchalla, W., Gollner, M. and Hellwig, E. (2000) Use of Variable Remineralization Periods to Improve the Abrasion Resistance of Previously Eroded Enamel. Caries Research, 34, 48-52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000016569 [28] West, N.X. and Joiner, A. (2014) Enamel Mineral Loss. Journal of Dentistry, 42, S2-S11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-5712(14)50002-4 [29] Ganss, C., Schlueter, N., Friedrich, D. and Klimek, J. (2007) Efficacy of Waiting Periods and Topical Fluoride Treatment on Toothbrush Abrasion of Eroded Enamel in Situ. Caries Research, 41, 146-151.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000098049 [30] Hunter, M.L. and West, N.X. (2000) Mechanical Tooth Wear: The Role of Individual Toothbrush Variables and Toothpaste Abrasivity. In: Addy, M., Embery, G., Edgar, W.M. and Orchardson, R., Eds., Tooth Wear and Sensitivity, Martin Dunitz, London, 161-169.
[1] Khamverdi, Z., Vahedi, M., Abdollahzadeh, S. and Ghambari, M.H. (2013) Effect of a Common Diet and Regular Beverage on Enamel Erosion in various Temperatures: An in-Vitro Study. Journal of Dentistry of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 10, 411-416. [2] Borjian, A., Ferrari, C.C., Anouf, A. and Touyz, L.Z. (2010) Pop-Cola Acids and Tooth Erosion: An in Vitro, in Vivo, Electron-Microscopic, and Clinical Report. International Journal of Dentistry, 2010, 957842.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/957842 [3] Torres, C.P., Chinelatti, M.A., Gomes-Silva, J.M., Rizóli, F.A., Oliveira, M.A., Palma-Dibb, R.G. and Borsatto, M.C. (2010) Surface and Subsurface Erosion of Primary Enamel by Acid Beverages over Time. Brazilian Dental Journal, 21, 337-345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-64402010000400009 [4] Casas-Apayco, L.C., Dreibi, V.M., Hipólito, A.C., Graeff, M.S., Rios, D., Magalhaes, A.C., Buzalaf, M.A. and Wang, L. (2014) Erosivecola-Based Drinks Affect the Bonding to Enamel Surface: An in Vitro Study. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 22, 434-441. [5] Ulusoy, C, Müjdeci, A. and Gokay, O. (2009) The Effect of Herbal Teas on the Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets. The European Journal of Orthodontics, 31, 385-389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjn129 [6] Austin, R.S., Stenhagen, K.S., Hove, L.H., Dunne, S., Moazzez, R., Bartlett, D.W. and Tveit, A.B. (2011) A Qualitative and Quantitative Investigation into the Effect of Fluoride Formulations on Enamel Erosion and Erosion-Abrasion in Vitro. Journal of Dentistry, 39, 648-655.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2011.07.006 [7] Carvalho, T.S. and Lussi, A. (2014) Combined Effect of a Fluoride-, Stannous- and Chitosan-Containing Toothpaste and Stannous-Containing Rinse on the Prevention of Initial Enamel Erosion-Abrasion. Journal of Dentistry, 42, 450- 459.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2014.01.004 [8] Pancote, L.P., Manarelli, M.M., Danelon, M. and Delbem, A.C. (2014) Effect of Fluoride Gels Supplemented with Sodium Trimetaphosphate on Enamel Erosion and Abrasion: In Vitro Study. Archives of Oral Biology, 59, 336-340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.12.007 [9] Wiegand, A., Schneider, S., Sener, B., Roos, M. and Attin, T. (2014) Stability against Brushing Abrasion and the Erosion-Protective Effect of Different Fluoride Compounds. Caries Research, 48, 154-162.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000353143 [10] Attin, T., Siegel, S., Buchalla, W., Lennon, A.M., Hannig, C. and Becker, K. (2004) Brushing Abrasion of Softened and Remineralised Dentin: An in Situ Study. Caries Research, 38, 62-66.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000073922 [11] Larsen, M.J. (2008) Erosion of the Teeth. In: Fejerskov, O. and Kidd, E., Eds., Dental Caries: The Disease and Its Clinical Management, Blackwell Munksgaard, Oxford, 233-247. [12] Meckelburg, N., Pinto, K.C., Farah, A., Iorio, N.L., Pierro, V.S., Dos Santos, K.R., Maia, L.C. and Antonio, A.G. (2014) Antibacterial Effect of Coffee: Calcium Concentration in a Culture Containing Teeth/Biofilm Exposed to Coffea canephora Aqueous Extract. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 59, 342-347.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lam.12281 [13] Yetkiner, E., Wegehaupt, F.J., Attin, R., Wiegand, A. and Attin, T. (2014) Stability of Two Resin Combinations Used as Sealants against Toothbrush Abrasion and Acid Challenge in Vitro. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 72, 825-830. [14] Wiegand, A., Wegehaupt, F., Werner, C. and Attin, T. (2007) Susceptibility of Acid-Softened Enamel to Mechanical Wear-Ultrasonication versus Toothbrushing Abrasion. Caries Research, 41, 56-60.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000096106 [15] Huang, T.T., Jones, A.S., He, L.H., Darendeliler, M.A. and Swain, M.V. (2007) Characterisation of Enamel White Spot Lesions Using X-Ray Micro-Tomography. Journal of Dentistry, 35, 737-743.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2007.06.001 [16] Jensdottir, T., Nauntofte, B., Buchwald, C. and Bardow, A. (2005) Effects of Sucking Acidic Candy on Whole-Mouth Saliva Composition. Caries Research, 39, 468-474.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000088181 [17] Vongsavan, K., Surarit, R. and Rirattanapong, P. (2014) The Combined Effect of Xylitol and Fluoride in Varnish on Bovine Teeth Surface Microhardness. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 45, 505-510. [18] Bakry, A.S., Marghalani, H.Y., Amin, O.A. and Tagami, J. (2014) The Effect of a Bioglass Paste on Enamel Exposed to Erosive Challenge. Journal of Dentistry, 42, 1458-1463.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2014.05.014 [19] Lata, S., Varghese, N.O. and Varughese, J.M. (2010) Remineralization Potential of Fluoride and Amorphous Calcium Phosphate-Casein Phospho Peptide on Enamel Lesions: An in Vitro Comparative Evaluation. Journal of Conservative Dentistry, 13, 42-46.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-0707.62634 [20] Sullivan, R., Rege, A., Corby, P., Klaczany, G., Allen, K., Hershkowitz, D., Goldder, B. and Wolff, M. (2014) Evaluation of a Dentifrice Containing 8% Arginine, Calcium Carbonate, and Sodium Monofluorophosphate to Repair Acid-Softened Enamel Using an Intra-Oral Remineralization Model. The Journal of Clinical Dentistry, 25, A14-A19. [21] Wiegand, A., Kowing, L. and Attin, T. (2007) Impact of Brushing Force on Abrasion of Acid-Softened and Sound Enamel. Archives of Oral Biology, 52, 1043-1047.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.06.004 [22] Voronets, J. and Lussi, A. (2010) Thickness of Softened Human Enamel Removed by Toothbrush Abrasion: An in Vitro Study. Clinical Oral Investigations, 14, 251-256.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-009-0288-y [23] Shellis, R.P., Featherstone, J.D. and Lussi, A. (2014) Understanding the Chemistry of Dental Erosion. Monographs in Oral Science, 25, 163-179.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000359943 [24] Barbour, M.E. and Lussi, A. (2014) Erosion in Relation to Nutrition and the Environment. Monographs in Oral Science, 25, 143-154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000359941 [25] Davis, W.B. and Winter, P.J. (1980) The Effect of Abrasion on Enamel and Dentine and Exposure to Dietary Acid. British Dental Journal, 148, 253-256.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4804430 [26] Attin, T., Koidl, U., Buchalla, W., Schaller, H.G., Kielbassa, A.M. and Hellwig, E. (1997) Correlation of Microhardness and Wear in Differently Eroded Bovine Dental Enamel. Archives of Oral Biology, 42, 243-250.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(06)00073-2 [27] Attin, T., Buchalla, W., Gollner, M. and Hellwig, E. (2000) Use of Variable Remineralization Periods to Improve the Abrasion Resistance of Previously Eroded Enamel. Caries Research, 34, 48-52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000016569 [28] West, N.X. and Joiner, A. (2014) Enamel Mineral Loss. Journal of Dentistry, 42, S2-S11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0300-5712(14)50002-4 [29] Ganss, C., Schlueter, N., Friedrich, D. and Klimek, J. (2007) Efficacy of Waiting Periods and Topical Fluoride Treatment on Toothbrush Abrasion of Eroded Enamel in Situ. Caries Research, 41, 146-151.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000098049 [30] Hunter, M.L. and West, N.X. (2000) Mechanical Tooth Wear: The Role of Individual Toothbrush Variables and Toothpaste Abrasivity. In: Addy, M., Embery, G., Edgar, W.M. and Orchardson, R., Eds., Tooth Wear and Sensitivity, Martin Dunitz, London, 161-169.