Integrated Landsat Imagery and Geophysical Exploration for Groundwater Potential Evaluation of Okene and Its Environs, Southwestern Nigeria
Affiliation(s)
1 Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria. 2 Department of Remote Sensing and Geoscience Information System, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria.
1 Department of Applied Geophysics, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria. 2 Department of Remote Sensing and Geoscience Information System, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
In this study, an integrated remote sensing and geophysical (aeromagnetic and geo-electric) methods was employed to assess the potential of groundwater in a basement complex terrain of Okene and its environs, Southwestern, Nigeria. Landsat imagery acquired over the study area was processed in the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment to delineate the surface lineaments, drainage networks and their orientations. Aeromagnetic data over the area were analyzed and its derivative maps were interpreted to further map the structures and the geology in the subsurface; depths to magnetic sources were determined using spectral analysis. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) of geo-electric method was interpreted to map the subsurface geology layers. The results of the integrated data were correlated with borehole yield data of the area for effective interpretation. Delineated lineaments from the azimuth, frequency plot showed dominant trends in the NE-SW and NNE-SSW directions. Radial average power spectrum revealed the depth to magnetic sources between 100 and 2500 m and the interpreted VES data characterized the area into three to four subsurface layers. In correlating the results with borehole yield data, the zones with high lineament density and low/negative magnetic anomaly were categorized as high groundwater potential zones while areas with low lineament density and high/positive magnetic anomaly as low groundwater potential zones. This study will guide efficiently subsequent groundwater drilling program in the study area.
In this study, an integrated remote sensing and geophysical (aeromagnetic and geo-electric) methods was employed to assess the potential of groundwater in a basement complex terrain of Okene and its environs, Southwestern, Nigeria. Landsat imagery acquired over the study area was processed in the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment to delineate the surface lineaments, drainage networks and their orientations. Aeromagnetic data over the area were analyzed and its derivative maps were interpreted to further map the structures and the geology in the subsurface; depths to magnetic sources were determined using spectral analysis. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) of geo-electric method was interpreted to map the subsurface geology layers. The results of the integrated data were correlated with borehole yield data of the area for effective interpretation. Delineated lineaments from the azimuth, frequency plot showed dominant trends in the NE-SW and NNE-SSW directions. Radial average power spectrum revealed the depth to magnetic sources between 100 and 2500 m and the interpreted VES data characterized the area into three to four subsurface layers. In correlating the results with borehole yield data, the zones with high lineament density and low/negative magnetic anomaly were categorized as high groundwater potential zones while areas with low lineament density and high/positive magnetic anomaly as low groundwater potential zones. This study will guide efficiently subsequent groundwater drilling program in the study area.
Cite this paper
Amigun, J. , Faruwa, R. and Komolafe, A. (2015) Integrated Landsat Imagery and Geophysical Exploration for Groundwater Potential Evaluation of Okene and Its Environs, Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 209-229. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.63015.
Amigun, J. , Faruwa, R. and Komolafe, A. (2015) Integrated Landsat Imagery and Geophysical Exploration for Groundwater Potential Evaluation of Okene and Its Environs, Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Geosciences, 6, 209-229. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2015.63015.
References
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(2010) Analysis of the Lineaments Extracted from LANDSATTM Image of the Area around Okemesi, South-Western Nigeria. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 3, 31-36. [6] Anudu, G.K., Essien, B.I., Onuba, L.N. and Ikpokonte, A.E. (2011) Lineament Analysis and Interpretation for Assessment of Groundwater Potential of Wamba and Adjoining Areas, Nasarawa State, North-Central Nigeria. Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation, 1, 185-198. [7] Okereke, C.N., Onu, N.N., Ibe, K.K., Selemo, A.O.I., Opara, A.I., Ikoro, D.O., Ibeneme, S.I. and Oha, I.A. (2012) Analysis of Landsat and Aeromagnetic Data for Mapping of Linear Structures: A Case Study of Yola Area, Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), 2, 1968-1977. [8] National Steel Raw Materials Exploration Agency, NSRMEA (1994) Preliminary Report on Ajabanoko Iron Ore Deposit. Unpublished. [9] Obaje, N.G. (2009) Geology and Mineral Resources of Nigeria. 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[15] Olade, M.A. (1978) General Features of a Precambrian Iron Deposit and Its Environment at Itakpe Ridge Okene, Nigeria. Transactions of Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B, 87, 81-89. [16] Fadare, V.O. (1983) Iron Ore Formation—The Okene-Ajaokuta-Lokoja Areas of Kogi State. A Potential Supply Base for Steel Plant at Ajaokuta. Journal of Mining and Geology, 20, 209-214. [17] Annor, A.E. and Freeth, S.J. (1985) Thermo-Tectonic Evolution of the Basement Complex around Okene, Nigeria with Special Reference to Deformation Mechanism. Precambrian Research, 28, 269-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(85)90034-8 [18] http://glcfapp.glcf.umd.edu:8080/esdi/index.jsp [19] Leica Geosystems (1999) ERDAS Field Guide. 5th Edition, ERDAS, Inc., Atlanta. [20] Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. (2000) Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [21] ITC (2001) Academic User’s Guide: International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences. Enschede. [22] Dehls, J.F., Cruden, A.R. and Vigneresse, J.L. (1998) Fracture Control of Late Archean Pluton Emplacement in the Northern Slave Province. Journal of Structural Geology, 20, 1145-1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00055-8 [23] Masoud, A. and Koike, K. (2006) Tectonic Architecture through Landsat-7 ETM+/SRTM DEM-Derived Lineaments and Relationship to the Hydrogeologic Setting in Siwa Region, NW Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 45, 467477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.04.005 [24] Parasnis, D.S. (1986) Principles of Applied Geophysics. Chapman Hall, London, 43-44. [25] Fieberg, F.C. (2002) Ground Magnetic Investigations for Gold Prospecting in South-Western Nigeria. 62th Meeting of the German Geophysical Society, Hannover, 4 February 2002, 20. [26] Hood, P.J. and Teskey, D.J. (1989) Aeromagnetic Gradiometer Program of the Geological Survey of Canada. Geophysics, 54, 1012-1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442726 [27] Aboud, E., Goussev, S., Hassan, H., Supriyanto, S. and Ushijima, K. (2005) Horizontal Gradient and Band-Pass Filter of Aeromagnetic Data Image of Subsurface Structure. Example from Esh El Mellaha Area, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Proceedings of the SEG/EGS/EPEX/EPA International Conference, Cairo 2005: Imaging the Future, Cairo, 16-19 May 2005, 1-5. [28] Falebita, D.E., Olorunfemi, M.O. and Ojo, J.S. (2011) An Appraisal of the Geologic Structure beneath the Ikogosi Warm Spring in South-Western Nigeria Using Integrated Surface Geophysical Methods. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 15, 27-34. [29] Nabighian, M.N., Grauch, V.J.S., Hansen, R.O., LaFehr, T.R., Li, Y., Peirce, J.W., Phillips, J.D. and Ruder, M.E. (2005) The Historical Development of the Magnetic Method in Exploration. Geophysics, 70, 33-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2133784 [30] Roest, W., Verhoef, J. and Pilkington, M. (1992) Magnetic Interpretation Using the 3-D Analytic Signal. Geophysics, 57, 116-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443174 [31] Grant, F.S. and West, G.F. (1965) Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, 584. [32] Blanco-Montenegro, I., Torta, J.M., Garcia, A. and Arana, V. (2003) Analysis and Modelling of the Aeromagnetic Anomalies of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 206, 601-616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01129-9
[1] Senthil Kumar, G.R. and Shankar, K. (2014) Assessment of Groundwater Potential Zones Using GIS. Frontiers in Geosciences, 2, 1-10. [2] Olorunfemi, M.O. and Fasuyi, S.A. (1993) Aquifer Types and the Geoelectric/Hydrogeologic Characteristics of Part of the Central Basement Terrain of Nigeria (Niger State). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 16, 309-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(93)90051-Q [3] Amadi, A.N. and Olasehinde, P.I. (2010) Application of Remote Sensing Techniques in Hydrogeological Mapping of Parts of Bosso Area, Minna, North-Central Nigeria. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 5, 1465-1474. [4] Pokharel, S.B. (2007) Remote Sensing and GIS Analysis of Spatial Distribution of Fracture Patterns in the Makran Accretionary Prism, Southeast Iran. Geosciences (Georgia State University) Theses, Paper 8. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/geosciences_theses/8 [5] Ayodele, O.S. and Odeyemi, I.B. (2010) Analysis of the Lineaments Extracted from LANDSATTM Image of the Area around Okemesi, South-Western Nigeria. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 3, 31-36. [6] Anudu, G.K., Essien, B.I., Onuba, L.N. and Ikpokonte, A.E. (2011) Lineament Analysis and Interpretation for Assessment of Groundwater Potential of Wamba and Adjoining Areas, Nasarawa State, North-Central Nigeria. Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation, 1, 185-198. [7] Okereke, C.N., Onu, N.N., Ibe, K.K., Selemo, A.O.I., Opara, A.I., Ikoro, D.O., Ibeneme, S.I. and Oha, I.A. (2012) Analysis of Landsat and Aeromagnetic Data for Mapping of Linear Structures: A Case Study of Yola Area, Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), 2, 1968-1977. [8] National Steel Raw Materials Exploration Agency, NSRMEA (1994) Preliminary Report on Ajabanoko Iron Ore Deposit. Unpublished. [9] Obaje, N.G. (2009) Geology and Mineral Resources of Nigeria. Springer, Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York, 221 p. [10] Rahaman, M.A. (1988) Recent Advances in the Study of the Basement Complex of Nigeria. In: Precambrain Geology of Nigeria, Geological Survey of Nigeria Publication, 11-43. [11] Black, R. (1980) Precambrian of West Africa. Episodes, 4, 3-8. [12] Rahaman, M.A. and Ocan, O. (1978) On Relationship in the Precambrian Migmatite-Gneiss of Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology, 15, 23-30. [13] Rahaman, M.A. and Lancelot, J.R. (1984) Continental Crust Evolution in SW Nigeria: Constraints from U/Pb Dating of Pre-Pan-African Gneisses. In: Rapport d’activite 1980-1984, Documents et Travaux du Centre Geologique et Geophysique de Montpellier, 4, 41. [14] Dada, S.S. (2006) Proterozoic Evolution of Nigeria. In: Oshi, O., Ed., The Basement Complex of Nigeria and Its Mineral Resources (A Tribute to Prof. M. A. O. Rahaman), Akin Jinad & Co., Ibadan, 29-44. [15] Olade, M.A. (1978) General Features of a Precambrian Iron Deposit and Its Environment at Itakpe Ridge Okene, Nigeria. Transactions of Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B, 87, 81-89. [16] Fadare, V.O. (1983) Iron Ore Formation—The Okene-Ajaokuta-Lokoja Areas of Kogi State. A Potential Supply Base for Steel Plant at Ajaokuta. Journal of Mining and Geology, 20, 209-214. [17] Annor, A.E. and Freeth, S.J. (1985) Thermo-Tectonic Evolution of the Basement Complex around Okene, Nigeria with Special Reference to Deformation Mechanism. Precambrian Research, 28, 269-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(85)90034-8 [18] http://glcfapp.glcf.umd.edu:8080/esdi/index.jsp [19] Leica Geosystems (1999) ERDAS Field Guide. 5th Edition, ERDAS, Inc., Atlanta. [20] Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. (2000) Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [21] ITC (2001) Academic User’s Guide: International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences. Enschede. [22] Dehls, J.F., Cruden, A.R. and Vigneresse, J.L. (1998) Fracture Control of Late Archean Pluton Emplacement in the Northern Slave Province. Journal of Structural Geology, 20, 1145-1154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00055-8 [23] Masoud, A. and Koike, K. (2006) Tectonic Architecture through Landsat-7 ETM+/SRTM DEM-Derived Lineaments and Relationship to the Hydrogeologic Setting in Siwa Region, NW Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 45, 467477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.04.005 [24] Parasnis, D.S. (1986) Principles of Applied Geophysics. Chapman Hall, London, 43-44. [25] Fieberg, F.C. (2002) Ground Magnetic Investigations for Gold Prospecting in South-Western Nigeria. 62th Meeting of the German Geophysical Society, Hannover, 4 February 2002, 20. [26] Hood, P.J. and Teskey, D.J. (1989) Aeromagnetic Gradiometer Program of the Geological Survey of Canada. Geophysics, 54, 1012-1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442726 [27] Aboud, E., Goussev, S., Hassan, H., Supriyanto, S. and Ushijima, K. (2005) Horizontal Gradient and Band-Pass Filter of Aeromagnetic Data Image of Subsurface Structure. Example from Esh El Mellaha Area, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Proceedings of the SEG/EGS/EPEX/EPA International Conference, Cairo 2005: Imaging the Future, Cairo, 16-19 May 2005, 1-5. [28] Falebita, D.E., Olorunfemi, M.O. and Ojo, J.S. (2011) An Appraisal of the Geologic Structure beneath the Ikogosi Warm Spring in South-Western Nigeria Using Integrated Surface Geophysical Methods. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 15, 27-34. [29] Nabighian, M.N., Grauch, V.J.S., Hansen, R.O., LaFehr, T.R., Li, Y., Peirce, J.W., Phillips, J.D. and Ruder, M.E. (2005) The Historical Development of the Magnetic Method in Exploration. Geophysics, 70, 33-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2133784 [30] Roest, W., Verhoef, J. and Pilkington, M. (1992) Magnetic Interpretation Using the 3-D Analytic Signal. Geophysics, 57, 116-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443174 [31] Grant, F.S. and West, G.F. (1965) Interpretation Theory in Applied Geophysics. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, 584. [32] Blanco-Montenegro, I., Torta, J.M., Garcia, A. and Arana, V. (2003) Analysis and Modelling of the Aeromagnetic Anomalies of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 206, 601-616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01129-9