Accelerating Expansion in a Closed Universe
Author(s)
Martin Tamm*
ABSTRACT
In this paper, I suggest a possible explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe. This model does not require any dark energy or quintessence. Rather, the idea is to suggest a different view on the origin of general relativity. Since it is very difficult to say something in general, I will mainly restrict myself to the case of very low curvature. The question about the underlying reasons for the acceleration is also closely related to the question whether the universe is a finite or infinite. It is part of the purpose of this paper to argue that a phase of accelerating expansion may be very well compatible with the idea of a closed universe.
In this paper, I suggest a possible explanation for the accelerating expansion of the universe. This model does not require any dark energy or quintessence. Rather, the idea is to suggest a different view on the origin of general relativity. Since it is very difficult to say something in general, I will mainly restrict myself to the case of very low curvature. The question about the underlying reasons for the acceleration is also closely related to the question whether the universe is a finite or infinite. It is part of the purpose of this paper to argue that a phase of accelerating expansion may be very well compatible with the idea of a closed universe.
KEYWORDS
Dark Energy Theory, Quintessence, Modified Gravity, General Relativity, Accelerating Expansion, Cosmological Constant
Dark Energy Theory, Quintessence, Modified Gravity, General Relativity, Accelerating Expansion, Cosmological Constant
Cite this paper
Tamm, M. (2015) Accelerating Expansion in a Closed Universe. Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 239-251. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2015.63029.
Tamm, M. (2015) Accelerating Expansion in a Closed Universe. Journal of Modern Physics, 6, 239-251. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2015.63029.
References
[1] Bergstrom, L. and Goobar, A. (2006) Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics. Springer Science & Business Media. [2] Riess, A.G., et al. (Supernova Search Team) (1998) Astronomical Journal, 116, 1009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/300499 [3] Perlmutter, S., et al. (The Supernova Cosmology Project) (1999) Astrophysical Journal, 517, 565.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/307221 [4] Caldwell, R.R. (2002) Physics Letters B, 545, 23-29.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(02)02589-3 [5] Steinhardt, P.J. and Turok, N. (2002) Science, 296, 1436-1439.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1070462 [6] Durrer, R. (2011) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 369, 5102-5114.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0285 [7] Bean, R. and Tangmatitham, M. (2010) Physical Review D, 81, Article ID: 083534.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.81.083534 [8] Parker, S.M.C. (1994) MathTensor: A System for Doing Tensor Analysis by Computer. Addison-Wesley, Reading. [9] Friedmann, A. (1922) Zeitschrift für Physik, 10, 377-386. [10] Misner, C.M., Thorne, K.S. and Wheeler, J.A. (1973) Gravitation. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Fransisco. [11] Wald, R.M. (1984) General Relativity. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226870373.001.0001 [12] Einstein, A. (1917) Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. [13] Dirac, P.A.M. (1975) The General Theory of Relativity. Princeton University Press, Princeton. [14] Maupertuis, P. (1744) Accord de différentes loix de la nature qui avoient jusqu’ici paru incompatibles. Académie Internationale d’Histoire des Sciences, Paris. [15] Eddington, A.S. (1925) Relativitatstheorie in mathematischer Behandlung. Springer, Berlin. [16] Pechlaner, E. and Sexl, R. (1966) Communications in Mathematical Physics, 2, 165-175. [17] Colistete, R. (2002) Constraints on Non-Singular Cosmological Models with Quadratic Lagrangians. arxiv-gr-qc0205024. [18] Huang, K. (1987) Statistical Mechanics. 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. [19] Fischer, H. (2011) A History of the Central Limit Theorem: From Classical to Modern Probability Theory, Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Springer, New York.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87857-7 [20] Gelfand, I. (1963) Calculus of Variations. Dover Publications, Mineola.
[1] Bergstrom, L. and Goobar, A. (2006) Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics. Springer Science & Business Media. [2] Riess, A.G., et al. (Supernova Search Team) (1998) Astronomical Journal, 116, 1009.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/300499 [3] Perlmutter, S., et al. (The Supernova Cosmology Project) (1999) Astrophysical Journal, 517, 565.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/307221 [4] Caldwell, R.R. (2002) Physics Letters B, 545, 23-29.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(02)02589-3 [5] Steinhardt, P.J. and Turok, N. (2002) Science, 296, 1436-1439.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1070462 [6] Durrer, R. (2011) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 369, 5102-5114.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0285 [7] Bean, R. and Tangmatitham, M. (2010) Physical Review D, 81, Article ID: 083534.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.81.083534 [8] Parker, S.M.C. (1994) MathTensor: A System for Doing Tensor Analysis by Computer. Addison-Wesley, Reading. [9] Friedmann, A. (1922) Zeitschrift für Physik, 10, 377-386. [10] Misner, C.M., Thorne, K.S. and Wheeler, J.A. (1973) Gravitation. W. H. Freeman and Company, San Fransisco. [11] Wald, R.M. (1984) General Relativity. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226870373.001.0001 [12] Einstein, A. (1917) Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitatstheorie. Sitzungsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. [13] Dirac, P.A.M. (1975) The General Theory of Relativity. Princeton University Press, Princeton. [14] Maupertuis, P. (1744) Accord de différentes loix de la nature qui avoient jusqu’ici paru incompatibles. Académie Internationale d’Histoire des Sciences, Paris. [15] Eddington, A.S. (1925) Relativitatstheorie in mathematischer Behandlung. Springer, Berlin. [16] Pechlaner, E. and Sexl, R. (1966) Communications in Mathematical Physics, 2, 165-175. [17] Colistete, R. (2002) Constraints on Non-Singular Cosmological Models with Quadratic Lagrangians. arxiv-gr-qc0205024. [18] Huang, K. (1987) Statistical Mechanics. 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. [19] Fischer, H. (2011) A History of the Central Limit Theorem: From Classical to Modern Probability Theory, Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Springer, New York.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-87857-7 [20] Gelfand, I. (1963) Calculus of Variations. Dover Publications, Mineola.