Seed Yield Potential of Five Wheat Species/Cultivars without and with Phosphorus Fertilizer Application on a P-Deficient Soil in Northeastern Saskatchewan
Affiliation(s)
1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Melfort, Canada. 2 Northeast Agricultural Research Foundation, Melfort, Canada.
1 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Melfort, Canada. 2 Northeast Agricultural Research Foundation, Melfort, Canada.
ABSTRACT
In the Canadian Prairies, many soils on organic farms are low in available phosphorus (P). Previous research has shown that wheat species/cultivars vary in their sensitivity to P deficiency, yield response to applied P fertilizer, P uptake and P use efficiency on P-deficient soils. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2014 on a P-deficient soil at Kelvington, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine the potential of five wheat species/cultivars (Spelt and Kamut representing “ancient”, Red Fife representing “old”, and Unity and Goodeve representing “modern” wheat species/cultivars) for seed yield, protein concentration (PC) in seed, partial factor of productivity (PFP, kg seed kg-1 of N applied), total N and P uptake, P use efficiency (PUE, kg seed kg-1 of P applied) and % recovery of applied P in seed under zero-P and with P fertilizer (triple superphosphate) applied at 20 kg P ha-1. Seed yield, PFP and PUE were determined in all 3 years, but PC, total N and P uptake, and % recovery of applied P in seed were determined only in 2012. There was a marked and significant response of seed yield and PFP of all wheat species/cultivars to P fertilizer in all 3 years, but the actual seed yield and PFP, without and with applied P fertilizer, as well as PUE, varied with species/cultivar in different years. On the average of 3 years, seed yield and PFP were greatest for Unity in both without and with applied P fertilizer treatments. Seed yield increases from applied P were 1111, 773, 890, 1810 and 2028 kg·ha-1, respectively, for Spelt, Kamut, Red Fife, Unity and Goodeve. Total N and P uptake were lowest for Kamut and greatest for Unity or Goodeve, in both without and with applied P fertilizer treatments. Percent recovery of applied P in seed was greatest for Goodeve or Unity and lowest for Spelt or Kamut. Protein concentration in seed usually decreased with P fertilizer, and wheat species/cultivars with higher PC in seed usually showed greater reduction in PC with P application. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the “modern” wheat species/cultivars Unity or Goodeve might be more suitable for high sustainable seed yield and total P or N uptake than the “ancient” wheat species Spelt and Kamut or the “old” wheat cultivar Red Fife, especially when adequate amount of P fertilizer is applied to optimize crop production on a P-deficient soil.
In the Canadian Prairies, many soils on organic farms are low in available phosphorus (P). Previous research has shown that wheat species/cultivars vary in their sensitivity to P deficiency, yield response to applied P fertilizer, P uptake and P use efficiency on P-deficient soils. A 3-year field experiment was conducted from 2012 to 2014 on a P-deficient soil at Kelvington, Saskatchewan, Canada, to determine the potential of five wheat species/cultivars (Spelt and Kamut representing “ancient”, Red Fife representing “old”, and Unity and Goodeve representing “modern” wheat species/cultivars) for seed yield, protein concentration (PC) in seed, partial factor of productivity (PFP, kg seed kg-1 of N applied), total N and P uptake, P use efficiency (PUE, kg seed kg-1 of P applied) and % recovery of applied P in seed under zero-P and with P fertilizer (triple superphosphate) applied at 20 kg P ha-1. Seed yield, PFP and PUE were determined in all 3 years, but PC, total N and P uptake, and % recovery of applied P in seed were determined only in 2012. There was a marked and significant response of seed yield and PFP of all wheat species/cultivars to P fertilizer in all 3 years, but the actual seed yield and PFP, without and with applied P fertilizer, as well as PUE, varied with species/cultivar in different years. On the average of 3 years, seed yield and PFP were greatest for Unity in both without and with applied P fertilizer treatments. Seed yield increases from applied P were 1111, 773, 890, 1810 and 2028 kg·ha-1, respectively, for Spelt, Kamut, Red Fife, Unity and Goodeve. Total N and P uptake were lowest for Kamut and greatest for Unity or Goodeve, in both without and with applied P fertilizer treatments. Percent recovery of applied P in seed was greatest for Goodeve or Unity and lowest for Spelt or Kamut. Protein concentration in seed usually decreased with P fertilizer, and wheat species/cultivars with higher PC in seed usually showed greater reduction in PC with P application. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the “modern” wheat species/cultivars Unity or Goodeve might be more suitable for high sustainable seed yield and total P or N uptake than the “ancient” wheat species Spelt and Kamut or the “old” wheat cultivar Red Fife, especially when adequate amount of P fertilizer is applied to optimize crop production on a P-deficient soil.
KEYWORDS
Cultivars, P-Deficient Soil, P Fertilizer, Seed Yield, Total N Uptake, Total P Uptake, Wheat
Cultivars, P-Deficient Soil, P Fertilizer, Seed Yield, Total N Uptake, Total P Uptake, Wheat
Cite this paper
Malhi, S. , Vera, C. and Brandt, S. (2015) Seed Yield Potential of Five Wheat Species/Cultivars without and with Phosphorus Fertilizer Application on a P-Deficient Soil in Northeastern Saskatchewan. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 224-231. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.62022.
Malhi, S. , Vera, C. and Brandt, S. (2015) Seed Yield Potential of Five Wheat Species/Cultivars without and with Phosphorus Fertilizer Application on a P-Deficient Soil in Northeastern Saskatchewan. Agricultural Sciences, 6, 224-231. doi: 10.4236/as.2015.62022.
References
[1] Malhi, S.S., Vera, C.L. and Brandt, S.A. (2014) Feasibility of Rock Phosphate and Other Amendments in Preventing P Deficiency in Barley on a P-Deficient Soil in Northeastern Saskatchewan. Agricultural Sciences, 14, 1491-1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2014.514160 [2] Yaseen, M. and Malhi, S.S. (2009) Differential Growth Response of 15 Wheat Genotypes for Grain Yield and P Uptake on a Low P Soil without and with Applied P Fertilizer. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32, 1015-1043.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160902872818 [3] Yaseen, M. and Malhi, S.S. (2009) Variation in Yield, Phosphorus Uptake and Physiological Efficiency of Wheat Genotypes at Adequate and Stress Phosphorus Levels in Soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 40, 3104-3120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620903261643 [4] Yaseen, M. and Malhi, S.S. (2010) Selection Criteria for P Efficient Wheat Genotypes and Identification of Plant Characters Responsible for High Grain Yield under Low Soil P Conditions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 41, 679-695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620903563923 [5] Yaseen, M. and Malhi, S.S. (2011) Exploitation of Genetic Variability among Wheat Genotypes for Tolerance to Phosphorus Deficiency Stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 34, 665-699.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2011.540623 [6] Huang, C.L. and Schulte, E.E. (1985) Digestion of Plant Tissue for Analysis by ICP Emission Spectroscopy. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 16, 943-958.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103628509367657 [7] Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (1995) Protein (Crude) in Animal Feed. Combustion Method (990.03). Official Methods of Analysis. 16th Edition, AOAC, Washington DC. [8] Williams, P., Sobering, D. and Antoniszyn, J. (1998) Protein Testing Methods. In: Fowler, D.B., Geddes, W.E., Johnston, A.M. and Preston, K.R., Eds., Wheat Protein Production and Marketing, University Extension Press, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 37-47. [9] Snyder, C.S. and Bruulsema, T.W. (2007) Nutrient Use Efficiency and Effectiveness in North America. Indices of Agronomic and Environmental Benefits. IPNI publication Ref. # 07076, International Plant Nutrient Institute, Norcross. [10] SAS Institute, Inc. (2004) Online Documentation for SAS, Version 8.
http://support.sas.com/documentation/onlinedoc/index.html [11] Yaseen, M. and Malhi, S.S. (2009) Differential Growth Response of Wheat Genotypes to Ammonium Phosphate and Rock Phosphate Phosphorous Sources. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32, 410-432.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160802660735
[1] Malhi, S.S., Vera, C.L. and Brandt, S.A. (2014) Feasibility of Rock Phosphate and Other Amendments in Preventing P Deficiency in Barley on a P-Deficient Soil in Northeastern Saskatchewan. Agricultural Sciences, 14, 1491-1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2014.514160 [2] Yaseen, M. and Malhi, S.S. (2009) Differential Growth Response of 15 Wheat Genotypes for Grain Yield and P Uptake on a Low P Soil without and with Applied P Fertilizer. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32, 1015-1043.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160902872818 [3] Yaseen, M. and Malhi, S.S. (2009) Variation in Yield, Phosphorus Uptake and Physiological Efficiency of Wheat Genotypes at Adequate and Stress Phosphorus Levels in Soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 40, 3104-3120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620903261643 [4] Yaseen, M. and Malhi, S.S. (2010) Selection Criteria for P Efficient Wheat Genotypes and Identification of Plant Characters Responsible for High Grain Yield under Low Soil P Conditions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 41, 679-695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103620903563923 [5] Yaseen, M. and Malhi, S.S. (2011) Exploitation of Genetic Variability among Wheat Genotypes for Tolerance to Phosphorus Deficiency Stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 34, 665-699.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2011.540623 [6] Huang, C.L. and Schulte, E.E. (1985) Digestion of Plant Tissue for Analysis by ICP Emission Spectroscopy. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 16, 943-958.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103628509367657 [7] Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (1995) Protein (Crude) in Animal Feed. Combustion Method (990.03). Official Methods of Analysis. 16th Edition, AOAC, Washington DC. [8] Williams, P., Sobering, D. and Antoniszyn, J. (1998) Protein Testing Methods. In: Fowler, D.B., Geddes, W.E., Johnston, A.M. and Preston, K.R., Eds., Wheat Protein Production and Marketing, University Extension Press, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 37-47. [9] Snyder, C.S. and Bruulsema, T.W. (2007) Nutrient Use Efficiency and Effectiveness in North America. Indices of Agronomic and Environmental Benefits. IPNI publication Ref. # 07076, International Plant Nutrient Institute, Norcross. [10] SAS Institute, Inc. (2004) Online Documentation for SAS, Version 8.
http://support.sas.com/documentation/onlinedoc/index.html [11] Yaseen, M. and Malhi, S.S. (2009) Differential Growth Response of Wheat Genotypes to Ammonium Phosphate and Rock Phosphate Phosphorous Sources. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 32, 410-432.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01904160802660735