A Simulation for Flavivirus Infection Decoy Responses
Affiliation(s)
1 Department of Mathematical and Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, USA. 2 Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity Sydney Medical School, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia. 3 Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
1 Department of Mathematical and Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, USA. 2 Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Sydney Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity Sydney Medical School, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia. 3 Discipline of Pathology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
ABSTRACT
In this work, we discuss the development of simulation code for a model of the cross-reactive adaptive immune response seen in flavivirus infections. The model specifically addresses flavivirus pathogen virulence in G0 vs G1 cell states. The MHC-I upregulation of resting cells (G0 state) allows the T-cells generated for flavivirus peptide antigens to attack healthy cells also. The cells in G1 state are not upregulated as much and so virus hides in them and hence is propagated upon rupture. Hence, this type of model is referred to as a decoy model because the immune system is decoyed into preferentially recognizing the upregulated cells while the virus actively propagates in another small, but important, cell population. We show that the generic assumption of upregulation via a model which includes the G0/G1 differential upregulation leads to immunopathological consequences. We outline the details behind the simulation code decisions and provide some theoretical justification for our model of collateral damage and upregulation.
In this work, we discuss the development of simulation code for a model of the cross-reactive adaptive immune response seen in flavivirus infections. The model specifically addresses flavivirus pathogen virulence in G0 vs G1 cell states. The MHC-I upregulation of resting cells (G0 state) allows the T-cells generated for flavivirus peptide antigens to attack healthy cells also. The cells in G1 state are not upregulated as much and so virus hides in them and hence is propagated upon rupture. Hence, this type of model is referred to as a decoy model because the immune system is decoyed into preferentially recognizing the upregulated cells while the virus actively propagates in another small, but important, cell population. We show that the generic assumption of upregulation via a model which includes the G0/G1 differential upregulation leads to immunopathological consequences. We outline the details behind the simulation code decisions and provide some theoretical justification for our model of collateral damage and upregulation.
KEYWORDS
West Nile Virus, Decoy Model, MHC-I Upregulation, G0 vs G1 Cell State Upregulation Differences
West Nile Virus, Decoy Model, MHC-I Upregulation, G0 vs G1 Cell State Upregulation Differences
Cite this paper
Peterson, J. , Kesson, A. and King, N. (2015) A Simulation for Flavivirus Infection Decoy Responses. Advances in Microbiology, 5, 123-142. doi: 10.4236/aim.2015.52013.
Peterson, J. , Kesson, A. and King, N. (2015) A Simulation for Flavivirus Infection Decoy Responses. Advances in Microbiology, 5, 123-142. doi: 10.4236/aim.2015.52013.
References
[1] Abbas, A.K., Lichtman, A.H. and Pillai, S. (2010) Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia. [2] King, N.J.C. and Kesson, A.M. (1988) Interferon-Independent Increases in Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigen Expression Follow Flavivirus Infection. Journal of General Virology, 69, 2535-2543.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-69-10-2535 [3] Douglas, D.W., Kesson, A.M. and King, N.J.C. (1994) CTL Recognition of West Nile Virus-Infected Fibroblasts Is Cell Cycle Dependent and Is Associated with Virus-Induced Increases in Class I MHC Antigen Expression. Immunology, 82, 561-570. [4] Kesson, A.M., Cheng, Y. and King, N.J.C. (2002) Regulation of Immune Recognition Molecules by Flavivirus, West Nile. Viral Immunology, 15, 273-283.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/08828240260066224 [5] Müllbacher, A., Hill, A.B., Blanden, R.V., Cowden, W.B., King, N.J.C. and Hla, R.T. (1991) Alloreactive Cytotoxic T Cells Recognize MHC Class I Antigen without Peptide Specificity. Journal of Immunology, 147, 1765-1772. [6] King, N.J.C., Mullbacher, A., Tian, L., Rodger, J.C., Lidbury, B. and Hla, R.T. (1993) West Nile Virus Infection Induces Susceptibility of in Vitro Outgrown Murine Blastocysts to Specific Lysis by Paternally Directed Allo-Immune and Virus-Immune Cytotoxic T Cells. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 23, 131-144.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0378(93)90003-Z [7] King, N.J.K., Davison, A., Getts, D., Ping Lu, D., Teague Getts, M., Yeung, A., Peterson, J. and Kesson, A.M. (2008) Enhanced Antigen Processing or Immune Evasion? West Nile Virus and the Induction of Immune Recognition Molecules. In: Diamond, M.S., Ed., West Nile Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Pathogenesis and the Host Immune Response, Emerging Infections in the 21st Century, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 309-339. [8] Kuhlman, P., Moy, V.T., Lollo, B.A. and Brian, A.A. (1991) The Accessory Function of Murine Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in T Lymphocyte Activation. Contributions of Adhesion and Co-Activation. Journal of Immunology, 146, 1773-1782. [9] Shen, J., T-To, S.S., Schrieber, L. and King, N.J.C. (1997) Early E-Selectin and VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and Late Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigen Induction on Human Endothelial Cells by Flavivirus and Comodulation of Adhesion Molecule Expression by Immune Cytokines. Journal of Virology, 71, 9323-9332. [10] Getts, D.R., Matsumoto, I., Muller, M., Getts, M.T., Radford, J., Shrestha, B., Campbell, I.L. and King, N.J.C. (2007) Role of IFN-γ in an Experimental Murine Model of West Nile Virus-Induced Seizures. Journal of Neurochemistry, 103, 1019-1030.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04798.x [11] Peterson, J.K., King, N.J.C. and Kesson, A.M. (2014) Modeling West Nile Virus One Host Infections. Technical Report, Clemson University, Clemson.
http://www.ces.clemson.edu/%7Epetersj/CurrentPapers/WNVSimulationCode-04082014.pdf [12] Alon, U. (2006) An Introduction to Systems Biology: Design Principles of Biological Circuits. CRC Mathematical and Computational Biology, Chapman Hill. [13] King, N.J.C. and Kesson, A.M. (2003) Interaction of Flaviviruses with Cells of the Vertebrate Host and Decoy of the Immune Response. Immunology and Cell Biology, 81, 207-216.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01167.x [14] Lobigs, M., Mullbacher, A. and Regner, M. (2003) MHC Class I Up-Regulation by Flaviviruses: Immune Interaction with Unknown Advantage to Host or Pathogen. Immunology and Cell Biology, 81, 217-223.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01161.x
[1] Abbas, A.K., Lichtman, A.H. and Pillai, S. (2010) Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia. [2] King, N.J.C. and Kesson, A.M. (1988) Interferon-Independent Increases in Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigen Expression Follow Flavivirus Infection. Journal of General Virology, 69, 2535-2543.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-69-10-2535 [3] Douglas, D.W., Kesson, A.M. and King, N.J.C. (1994) CTL Recognition of West Nile Virus-Infected Fibroblasts Is Cell Cycle Dependent and Is Associated with Virus-Induced Increases in Class I MHC Antigen Expression. Immunology, 82, 561-570. [4] Kesson, A.M., Cheng, Y. and King, N.J.C. (2002) Regulation of Immune Recognition Molecules by Flavivirus, West Nile. Viral Immunology, 15, 273-283.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/08828240260066224 [5] Müllbacher, A., Hill, A.B., Blanden, R.V., Cowden, W.B., King, N.J.C. and Hla, R.T. (1991) Alloreactive Cytotoxic T Cells Recognize MHC Class I Antigen without Peptide Specificity. Journal of Immunology, 147, 1765-1772. [6] King, N.J.C., Mullbacher, A., Tian, L., Rodger, J.C., Lidbury, B. and Hla, R.T. (1993) West Nile Virus Infection Induces Susceptibility of in Vitro Outgrown Murine Blastocysts to Specific Lysis by Paternally Directed Allo-Immune and Virus-Immune Cytotoxic T Cells. Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 23, 131-144.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0378(93)90003-Z [7] King, N.J.K., Davison, A., Getts, D., Ping Lu, D., Teague Getts, M., Yeung, A., Peterson, J. and Kesson, A.M. (2008) Enhanced Antigen Processing or Immune Evasion? West Nile Virus and the Induction of Immune Recognition Molecules. In: Diamond, M.S., Ed., West Nile Encephalitis Virus Infection: Viral Pathogenesis and the Host Immune Response, Emerging Infections in the 21st Century, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 309-339. [8] Kuhlman, P., Moy, V.T., Lollo, B.A. and Brian, A.A. (1991) The Accessory Function of Murine Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 in T Lymphocyte Activation. Contributions of Adhesion and Co-Activation. Journal of Immunology, 146, 1773-1782. [9] Shen, J., T-To, S.S., Schrieber, L. and King, N.J.C. (1997) Early E-Selectin and VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 and Late Major Histocompatibility Complex Antigen Induction on Human Endothelial Cells by Flavivirus and Comodulation of Adhesion Molecule Expression by Immune Cytokines. Journal of Virology, 71, 9323-9332. [10] Getts, D.R., Matsumoto, I., Muller, M., Getts, M.T., Radford, J., Shrestha, B., Campbell, I.L. and King, N.J.C. (2007) Role of IFN-γ in an Experimental Murine Model of West Nile Virus-Induced Seizures. Journal of Neurochemistry, 103, 1019-1030.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04798.x [11] Peterson, J.K., King, N.J.C. and Kesson, A.M. (2014) Modeling West Nile Virus One Host Infections. Technical Report, Clemson University, Clemson.
http://www.ces.clemson.edu/%7Epetersj/CurrentPapers/WNVSimulationCode-04082014.pdf [12] Alon, U. (2006) An Introduction to Systems Biology: Design Principles of Biological Circuits. CRC Mathematical and Computational Biology, Chapman Hill. [13] King, N.J.C. and Kesson, A.M. (2003) Interaction of Flaviviruses with Cells of the Vertebrate Host and Decoy of the Immune Response. Immunology and Cell Biology, 81, 207-216.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01167.x [14] Lobigs, M., Mullbacher, A. and Regner, M. (2003) MHC Class I Up-Regulation by Flaviviruses: Immune Interaction with Unknown Advantage to Host or Pathogen. Immunology and Cell Biology, 81, 217-223.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01161.x