Geophysical Investigation Using Time Domain Electromagnetic Method (TDEM) at Wadi Deir Al-Kahaf Area/Jordan for Groundwater Artificial Recharge Purposes
Author(s)
Hani Al-Amoush1*,
Eid Al-Tarazi2,
Jafar Abu Rajab2,
Younis Al-Dwyeek3,
Mohammed Al-Atrash4,
Ahmed Shudiefat5
Affiliation(s)
1 Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan. 2 Faculty of Natural Resources, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan. 3 Orient Engineering Consultancy, Amman, Jordan. 4 Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Amman, Jordan. 5 Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan.
1 Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan. 2 Faculty of Natural Resources, Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan. 3 Orient Engineering Consultancy, Amman, Jordan. 4 Ministry of Water and Irrigation, Amman, Jordan. 5 Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan.
ABSTRACT
In this study, Ten Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) measuring points have been conducted at four pre-selected sites along Wadi Deir Al-Kahaf in order to investigate the potential of the near subsurface deposits and aquifer for groundwater artificial recharge applications. The surveyed results suggest well resolved geological layers such as alluvial mudflat, basalt layers and their saturation states. In addition a hydrogeophysical cross section along the studied sites was constructed which permits to locate the lateral variations in rock properties due to water saturation and or facies changes. The saturated thickness of the Upper Aquifer System in the study area was found to be changed from 5 m near TEM 1 to about 120 m near TEM 4 in thickness. The Abed Basalt Aquifer (AOB) has an average saturation thickness of about ~60 m, and forming the main aquifer (~100 m thickness) near surface to the north of the study area. TEM-3 and TEM-4 sites were found to be potential sites for groundwater artificial recharge based on the constructed hydro-geophysical model. This study recommends implementing detailed geophysical investigations particularly in the most northern parts of the study area.
In this study, Ten Time Domain Electromagnetic (TDEM) measuring points have been conducted at four pre-selected sites along Wadi Deir Al-Kahaf in order to investigate the potential of the near subsurface deposits and aquifer for groundwater artificial recharge applications. The surveyed results suggest well resolved geological layers such as alluvial mudflat, basalt layers and their saturation states. In addition a hydrogeophysical cross section along the studied sites was constructed which permits to locate the lateral variations in rock properties due to water saturation and or facies changes. The saturated thickness of the Upper Aquifer System in the study area was found to be changed from 5 m near TEM 1 to about 120 m near TEM 4 in thickness. The Abed Basalt Aquifer (AOB) has an average saturation thickness of about ~60 m, and forming the main aquifer (~100 m thickness) near surface to the north of the study area. TEM-3 and TEM-4 sites were found to be potential sites for groundwater artificial recharge based on the constructed hydro-geophysical model. This study recommends implementing detailed geophysical investigations particularly in the most northern parts of the study area.
Cite this paper
Al-Amoush, H. , Al-Tarazi, E. , Rajab, J. , Al-Dwyeek, Y. , Al-Atrash, M. and Shudiefat, A. (2015) Geophysical Investigation Using Time Domain Electromagnetic Method (TDEM) at Wadi Deir Al-Kahaf Area/Jordan for Groundwater Artificial Recharge Purposes. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 143-151. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.73012.
Al-Amoush, H. , Al-Tarazi, E. , Rajab, J. , Al-Dwyeek, Y. , Al-Atrash, M. and Shudiefat, A. (2015) Geophysical Investigation Using Time Domain Electromagnetic Method (TDEM) at Wadi Deir Al-Kahaf Area/Jordan for Groundwater Artificial Recharge Purposes. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 143-151. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.73012.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/EG03188 [4] Jorgensen, F., Sandersen, P.B. and Auken, F. (2003) Imaging Buried Quaternary Valleys Using the Transient Electromagnetic Method. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 53, 199-213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.08.016 [5] Jorgensen, F., Lykke-Andersen, H., Sandersen, P.B.E., Auken, E. and Normark, E. (2003) Geophysical Investigations of Buried Quaternary Valleys in Denmark: An Integrated Application of Transient Electromagnetic Soundings, Reflection Seismic Surveys and Exploratory Drillings. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 53, 215-228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.08.017 [6] Christensen, N.B. and Sorensen, K.I. (1998) Surface and Borehole Electric and Electromagnetic Methods for Hydro-Geophysical Investigations. European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 3, 75-90. [7] Danielsen, J.E., Auken, E., Jorgensen, F., Sondergaard, V.H. and Sorensen, K.I. (2003) The Application of the Transient Electromagnetic Method in Hydrogeophysical Surveys. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 53, 181-198.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.08.004 [8] Poulsen, L.H. and Christensen, N.B. (1999) Hydrogeophysical Mapping with the Transient Electromagnetic Sounding Method. European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 3, 201-220. [9] Jorgensen, F., Sandersen, P.B.E., Auken, E., Lykke-Andersen, H. and Sorensen, K. (2005) Contributions to the Geological Mapping of Mors, Denmark—A Study Based on a Large-Scale TEM Survey. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 52, 53-75. [10] Pellerin, L., Labson, V. and Pfeifer, C. (1994) VETEM—A Very Early Time Electromagnetic System. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, SAGEEP, Boston, 795-802. [11] Spies, B.R. (1989) Depth of Investigation in Electromagnetic Sounding Methods. Geophysics, 54, 872-888.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442716 [12] Oghenekohwo, F.O. (2008) A Comparison of Resistivity and Electromagnetic as Geophysical Techniques. Diploma Thesis Report, African Institute of Mathematical sciences AIMS, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 27. [13] Natural Resources Authority (NRA) Open Files, Jordan. (2008).
www.nra.gov.jo [14] Bender, F. (1974) Geology of Jordan. Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 196 p. [15] Ibrahim, K. (1996) The Regional Geology of Al Azraq Area. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Geological Mapping Division. Natural Resources Authority, Bulletin 36. [16] Al-Dmour, T.M. (1992) Interpreting the Geology of Azraq, South Area of Jordan, Using Landsat TM Data. Geology Directorate, Natural Resources Authority, Jordan. [17] Gibbs, B. (1993) The Hydrogeology of Azraq Basin, N.E. Badia. MSc Thesis, University College London, London. [18] Barsukov, P.O., Fainberg, E.B. and Khabensky, E.O. (2007) Shallow Investigation by TEM-FAST Technique: Methodology and Case Histories. In: Spichak, V.V., Ed., Methods of Geochemistry and Geophysics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 55-77. [19] TEM-Researcher Software, Applied Electromagnetic Research (AEMR). 2007, Netherlands. [20] Salameh, E. (1996) Water Quality Degradation in Jordan. 1st Edition, Friedrich Elbert Stifing (FES) and Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (RSCN), Amman. [21] IUCN (2010) Study of Salt Water Intrusion in the Upper Aquifer in Azraq Basin. Unpublished Final Report.
[1] Hoekstra, P. and Blohm, M.W. (1990) Case Histories of Time-Domain Electromagnetic Soundings in Environmental Geophysics. In: Ward, S.H., Ed., Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics, II, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, 1-15. [2] McNeill, J.D. (1990) Use of Electromagnetic Methods for Groundwater Studies. In: Ward, S.H., Ed., Geotechnical and Environmental Geophysics 01, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa, 191-218. [3] Auken, E., Jorgensen, F. and Sorensen, K.I. (2003) Large-Scale TEM Investigation for Ground-Water. Exploration Geophysics, 33, 188-194.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/EG03188 [4] Jorgensen, F., Sandersen, P.B. and Auken, F. (2003) Imaging Buried Quaternary Valleys Using the Transient Electromagnetic Method. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 53, 199-213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.08.016 [5] Jorgensen, F., Lykke-Andersen, H., Sandersen, P.B.E., Auken, E. and Normark, E. (2003) Geophysical Investigations of Buried Quaternary Valleys in Denmark: An Integrated Application of Transient Electromagnetic Soundings, Reflection Seismic Surveys and Exploratory Drillings. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 53, 215-228.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.08.017 [6] Christensen, N.B. and Sorensen, K.I. (1998) Surface and Borehole Electric and Electromagnetic Methods for Hydro-Geophysical Investigations. European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 3, 75-90. [7] Danielsen, J.E., Auken, E., Jorgensen, F., Sondergaard, V.H. and Sorensen, K.I. (2003) The Application of the Transient Electromagnetic Method in Hydrogeophysical Surveys. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 53, 181-198.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2003.08.004 [8] Poulsen, L.H. and Christensen, N.B. (1999) Hydrogeophysical Mapping with the Transient Electromagnetic Sounding Method. European Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 3, 201-220. [9] Jorgensen, F., Sandersen, P.B.E., Auken, E., Lykke-Andersen, H. and Sorensen, K. (2005) Contributions to the Geological Mapping of Mors, Denmark—A Study Based on a Large-Scale TEM Survey. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, 52, 53-75. [10] Pellerin, L., Labson, V. and Pfeifer, C. (1994) VETEM—A Very Early Time Electromagnetic System. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems, SAGEEP, Boston, 795-802. [11] Spies, B.R. (1989) Depth of Investigation in Electromagnetic Sounding Methods. Geophysics, 54, 872-888.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442716 [12] Oghenekohwo, F.O. (2008) A Comparison of Resistivity and Electromagnetic as Geophysical Techniques. Diploma Thesis Report, African Institute of Mathematical sciences AIMS, University of Cape Town, South Africa, 27. [13] Natural Resources Authority (NRA) Open Files, Jordan. (2008).
www.nra.gov.jo [14] Bender, F. (1974) Geology of Jordan. Gebrueder Borntraeger, Berlin, 196 p. [15] Ibrahim, K. (1996) The Regional Geology of Al Azraq Area. Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, Geological Mapping Division. Natural Resources Authority, Bulletin 36. [16] Al-Dmour, T.M. (1992) Interpreting the Geology of Azraq, South Area of Jordan, Using Landsat TM Data. Geology Directorate, Natural Resources Authority, Jordan. [17] Gibbs, B. (1993) The Hydrogeology of Azraq Basin, N.E. Badia. MSc Thesis, University College London, London. [18] Barsukov, P.O., Fainberg, E.B. and Khabensky, E.O. (2007) Shallow Investigation by TEM-FAST Technique: Methodology and Case Histories. In: Spichak, V.V., Ed., Methods of Geochemistry and Geophysics, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 55-77. [19] TEM-Researcher Software, Applied Electromagnetic Research (AEMR). 2007, Netherlands. [20] Salameh, E. (1996) Water Quality Degradation in Jordan. 1st Edition, Friedrich Elbert Stifing (FES) and Royal Society for Conservation of Nature (RSCN), Amman. [21] IUCN (2010) Study of Salt Water Intrusion in the Upper Aquifer in Azraq Basin. Unpublished Final Report.