Back
 PP  Vol.6 No.1 , January 2015
In Vivo and in Vitro Evaluation of Permethrin, Cypermethrin or Zeta-Cypermethrin Mixed with Plant Extracts against Susceptible and Resistant (San Alfonso) Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) Strains
Froylán Ibarra-Velarde*, Yazmin Alcala-Canto, Yolanda Vera-Montenegro
Show more
Abstract: Acaricide resistance is a major problem that hinders the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Mexico. Permethrin (P), cypermethrin (C) and zeta-cypermethrin (Z) have been used to control R. (B.) microplus, and tick populations have developed resistance to these acaricides. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mixture containing P, C, or Z mixed with plant extracts through in vitro laboratory bioassays, using susceptible and triple resistant (San Alfonso) R. microplus strains. Untreated controls received only water. Results of laboratory bioassays using larval packet tests revealed an efficacy of 100% (P), 100% (Z), and 98.03% (C) using susceptible larvae, and an efficacy of 88.67% (P), 91.51% (C), and 99.27% (Z) on triple-resistant larvae. Egg laying, larvae hatching and efficacy was assessed using ticks collected from treated and untreated animals. Product Z produced a 92.04% efficacy on engorged ticks collected from experimentally-infested cattle, whereas C and P exerted 80.66% and 20.04% efficacy, respectively. Engorged females collected exclusively from control animals were challenged in vitro with the experimental products, and efficacy was as follows: 91.37% (Z), 85.95% (C), and 13.58% (P). Adding plant extracts to a pyrethroid formulation led to dramatic increases of percent reduction of both susceptible and resistant immature ticks in contrast to untreated larvae and susceptible adults. Results from this study may lead to suggesting the adoption of an acari-cide-botanical mixture strategy for tick control worldwide.
Keywords: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, Efficacy, Pyrethroids + Plant Extracts, In Vitro, In Vivo
Cite this paper: Ibarra-Velarde, F. , Alcala-Canto, Y. and Vera-Montenegro, Y. (2015) In Vivo and in Vitro Evaluation of Permethrin, Cypermethrin or Zeta-Cypermethrin Mixed with Plant Extracts against Susceptible and Resistant (San Alfonso) Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) Strains. Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 6, 34-40. doi: 10.4236/pp.2015.61005.
References

[1]   Bram, R.A., George, J.E., Reichar, R.E. and Tabaciinic, W.J. (2002) Threat of Foreign Arthropod-Borne Pathogens to Livestock in the United States. Journal of Medical Entomology, 39, 405-416.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-39.3.405

[2]   Rodriguez-Vivas, I., Rivas, A.L., Chowell, G., Fragoso, S.H., Rosario, C.R., Garcia, Z., Smith, S.D., Williams, J.J. and Schwager, S.J. (2007) Spatial Distribution of Acaricide Profiles (Boophilus microplus Strains Susceptible or Resistant to Acaricides) in Southeastern Mexico. Veterinary Parasitology, 146, 158-169.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.01.016

[3]   Miller, R.J., Davey, R.B. and George, J.E. (2002) Modification of the Food and Agriculture Organization Larval Packet Test to Measure Amitraz Susceptibility against Ixodidae. Journal of Medical Entomology, 39, 645-651.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-39.4.645

[4]   Ribeiro, V.L.S., Toigo, E., Bordignon, S.A.L., Gonçalves, K. and von Poser, G. (2007) Acaricidal Properties of Extracts from the Aerial Parts of Hypericum polyanthemum on the Cattle Tick Boophilus microplus. Veterinary Parasitology, 147:199-203.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.03.027

[5]   Ferrarini, S.R., Oliveira, D.M., da Rosa, R.G., Rolim, V., Eifler-Lima, V.L., von Poser, G. and Ribeiro, V.L.S. (2008) Acaricidal Activity of Limonene, Limonene Oxide And β-Amino Alcohol Derivatives on Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Veterinary Parasitology, 157, 149-153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.006

[6]   Mulla, M.S. and Su, T. (1999) Activity of Biological Effects of Neem Products against Arthropods of Medical and Veterinary Importance. American Mosquito Control Association, 15, 133-152.

[7]   Borges, M.F., Ferri, P.H., Silva, W.J., Silva, W.C. and Silva, J.G. (2003) In Vitro Efficacy of Extracts of Melia azedarach against the Tick Boophilus microplus. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 17, 228-231.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00426.x

[8]   Fernandes, F.F. and Freitas, E.P.S. (2007) Acaricidal Activity of an Oleoresinous Extract from Copaifera reticulata (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) against Larvae of the Southern Cattle Tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Veterinary Parasitology, 147, 150-154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/jj.vetpar.2007.02.035

[9]   Chagas, A.C.S., Passos, M.W.M., Prates, H.T., Leite, R.C., Furlong, J. and Fortes, I.C.P. (2002) Acaricidal Effect of Essential Oils and Emulsion Concentrates of Eucalyptus spp on Boophilus microplus. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 39, 247-253.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1413-95962002000500006

[10]   Magadum, S., Mondal, D.B. and Ghosh, S. (2009) Comparative Efficacy of Annona squamosa and Azadirachta indica Extracts against Boophilus microplus Izatnagar Isolate. Parasitology Research, 105, 1085-1091.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1529-3

[11]   Shaw, R.D. (1966) Culture of an Organophosphorus-Resistant Strain of Boophilus microplus (Can.) and an Assessment of Its Resistance Spectrum. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 56, 389-405.

[12]   Sardá Ribeiro, V., Avancini, C., Goncalves, K., Toigo, E. and Von Poser, G. (2008) Acaricidal Activity of Calea serrata (Asteraceae) on Boophilus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Veterinary Parasitology, 151, 351-354.

[13]   Drummond, R.O. and Whetstone, T.M. (1973) Lone Star Tick: Laboratory Tests of Acaricides. Journal of Economic Entomology, 66, 1274-1276.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/66.6.1274

[14]   Bock, R., Jackson, L., De Vos, A. and Jorgensen, W. (2004) Babesiosis of Cattle. Parasitology, 129, S247-S269.

[15]   Sharma, A.K., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Nagar, G., Kumar, S.N., Sing Rawat, S., Dhakad, M.L., Rawat, A.K.S., Ray, D.D. and Ghosh, S. (2012) Deltamethrin and Cypermethrin Resistance Status of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Collected from Six Agro-Climatic Regions of India. Veterinary Parasitology, 188, 337-345.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.03.050

[16]   Fragoso, H., Martinez, I., Ortiz, N. and Osorio, M. (2006) Comparison of the Efficacy of Organofosfates, Piretroids and Amidines Ixodicides against a Boophilus microplus Ticks Reinfestation in Naturally Infested Cattle. XXX National Congress of Buiatrícs, Mexico.

[17]   Willadsen, P. and Kemp, D.H. (1988) Vaccination with Concealed Antigens for Tick Control. Parasitology Today, 4, 196-l98.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4758(88)90084-1

[18]   Nari, A. and Hansen, H.J. (1999) Resistance of the Ecto and Endoparasites: Actual and Future Solutions. 67th General Session, International Organization of Epizootias, París.

[19]   Fernandes, F.F. (2001) Toxicological Effects and Resistance to Pyretroids in Boophilus microplus from Goiás, Brasil. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 53, 548-552.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352001000500004

[20]   Fernandes, F.F., Freitas, E.P.S., Costa, A.C. and Silva, I.G. (2005) Larvicidal Potential of Sapindus saponaria to Control the Cattle Tick Boophilus microplus. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 40, 1243-1245.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2005001200013

 
 
Top