Neuron Cell Degeneration Results from Perturbed Mitochondria or Vice Versa?
ABSTRACT
Mitochondrial disease has important implications for numerous functions that affect different cells lines and tissues. The mitochondrion is an organelle that draws much attention from researchers, but their study is hampered by changing in number, size, shape, and location among other things. To date, it is not understood if mitochondrial alterations could be considered to be downstream effects or are the root causes of diseases classified as neurodegenerative. It is an unresolved enigma if mitochondrion form, size, location, and number become crucial to the correct functioning of distinct cells lines and tissues, besides the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the metabolism of glucose. The unexpected role of melanin to transform radiative energy directly into chemical energy by dissociation of the water molecule marks a milestone in the study of mitochondrial diseases.
Mitochondrial disease has important implications for numerous functions that affect different cells lines and tissues. The mitochondrion is an organelle that draws much attention from researchers, but their study is hampered by changing in number, size, shape, and location among other things. To date, it is not understood if mitochondrial alterations could be considered to be downstream effects or are the root causes of diseases classified as neurodegenerative. It is an unresolved enigma if mitochondrion form, size, location, and number become crucial to the correct functioning of distinct cells lines and tissues, besides the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during the metabolism of glucose. The unexpected role of melanin to transform radiative energy directly into chemical energy by dissociation of the water molecule marks a milestone in the study of mitochondrial diseases.
KEYWORDS
Neurodegeneration, Energy, Mitochondria, Human Photosynthesis, Hydrogen, Water Dissociation
Neurodegeneration, Energy, Mitochondria, Human Photosynthesis, Hydrogen, Water Dissociation
Cite this paper
Solís-Herrera, A. , Arias-Esparza, M. and Solís-Arias, P. (2015) Neuron Cell Degeneration Results from Perturbed Mitochondria or Vice Versa?. World Journal of Neuroscience, 5, 13-33. doi: 10.4236/wjns.2015.51003.
Solís-Herrera, A. , Arias-Esparza, M. and Solís-Arias, P. (2015) Neuron Cell Degeneration Results from Perturbed Mitochondria or Vice Versa?. World Journal of Neuroscience, 5, 13-33. doi: 10.4236/wjns.2015.51003.
References
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http://hdl.handle.net/11245/2.111420 http://dare.uva.nl/document/2/111420 [5] Abu-Amero, K.K., Al-Dhalaan, H., Bohlega, S., Hellani, A. and Taylor, R.W. (2009) A Patient with Typical Clinical Features of Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS) but without an Obvious Genetic Cause: A Case Report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 3, 77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-3-77 [6] Cho, D.-Y., Kim, Y.-O. and Przytycka, T.M. (2012) Network Biology Approach to Complex Disease. PLoS Computational Biology, 8, e1002820. [7] Solís Herrera, A. and Arias Esparza, M.C. (2012) Human Photosynthesis and Alzheimer’s Disease. Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, S15, 5. [8] Morison, W.L. (1985) What Is the Function of Melanin. Archives of Dermatology, 121, 1160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1985.01660090074017 [9] Solis Herrera, A. (2013) Photoelectrochemical Method of Separating Water into Hydrogen and Oxygen, Using Melanins or the Analogues, Precursors or Derivatives Thereof as the Central Electrolyzing Element. US Patent No. US 8455145B2. [10] Liu, S.L., Sun, X.J. and Tao, H.Y. (2012) Hydrogen: From a Biologically Inert Gas to a Unique Antioxidant. In: Lushchak, V. and Semchyshyn, H.M., Eds., Oxidative Stress, Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects, InTech. [11] Seppet, E., Gruno, M., Peetsalu, A., Gizatullina, Z., Nguyen, H.P., Vielhaber, S., et al. (2009) Mitochondria and Energetic Depression in Cell Pathophysiology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10, 2252-2303. [12] Swerdlow, R.H. (2009) The Neurodegenerative Mitochondropaties. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 17, 737-751. [13] Aliev, G., Palacios, H.H., Gasimov, E., Gokhman, D., Leszek, J., Morales, L., Obrenovich, M.E., Bragin, V. and Herrera, A.S. (2010) Oxidative Stress-Induced Mitochondrial Failure and Brain Hypometabolism Underlay the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Offer Target for Treatment: Astonishing Effect of Melanin and Mitochondrial Antioxidants. Alzheimers & Dementia, 6, S582. [14] Solis-Herrera, A., Arias-Esparza, M.C., Esquivel, J.J.A., Miranda, G.L., Solís Arias, R.I., Solís Arias, P.E. and Solís Arias, M.P. (2011) The Pharmacologic Intensification of the Water Dissociation Process, or Human Photosynthesis, and Its Effect over the Recovery Mechanisms in Tissues Affected by Bloodshed of Diverse Etiology. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2, 332-338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2011.23058 [15] Solís Herrera, A., Arias-Esparza, M.C., Solis-Arias, R.I., Solis-Arias, P.E. and Solis-Arias, M.P. (2012) Human Photosynthesis and Central Nervous System’s Diseases. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 29, 654-668. [16] Solis-Herrera, A., Arias-Esparza, M.C., Solis-Arias, R.I., Solis-Arias, P.E. and Solis-Arias, M.P. (2010) The Unexpected Capacity of Melanin to Dissociate the Water Molecule Fills the Gap between the Life before and after ATP. Biomedical Research, 21, 224-226.
[1] Arechaga, I., Ledesma, A. and Rial, E. (2001) The Mitochondrial Uncoupling Protein UCPI: A Gated Pore. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology: Life, 52, 165-173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15216540152845966 [2] Bar-Even, A., Flamholz, N. and Milo, R. (2012) Rethinking Glycolysis: In the Biochemical Logic of Metabolic Pathways. Nature Chemical Biology, 8, 509-517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.971 [3] Mimaki, M., Wang, X., McKenzie, M., Thorburn, D.R. and Ryan, M.T. (2012) Understanding Mitochondrial Complex I Assembly in Health and Disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1817, 851-862. [4] Uva-DARE, the Institutional Repository of the University of Amsterdam.
http://hdl.handle.net/11245/2.111420 http://dare.uva.nl/document/2/111420 [5] Abu-Amero, K.K., Al-Dhalaan, H., Bohlega, S., Hellani, A. and Taylor, R.W. (2009) A Patient with Typical Clinical Features of Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-Like Episodes (MELAS) but without an Obvious Genetic Cause: A Case Report. Journal of Medical Case Reports, 3, 77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-3-77 [6] Cho, D.-Y., Kim, Y.-O. and Przytycka, T.M. (2012) Network Biology Approach to Complex Disease. PLoS Computational Biology, 8, e1002820. [7] Solís Herrera, A. and Arias Esparza, M.C. (2012) Human Photosynthesis and Alzheimer’s Disease. Pharmaceutica Analytica Acta, S15, 5. [8] Morison, W.L. (1985) What Is the Function of Melanin. Archives of Dermatology, 121, 1160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archderm.1985.01660090074017 [9] Solis Herrera, A. (2013) Photoelectrochemical Method of Separating Water into Hydrogen and Oxygen, Using Melanins or the Analogues, Precursors or Derivatives Thereof as the Central Electrolyzing Element. US Patent No. US 8455145B2. [10] Liu, S.L., Sun, X.J. and Tao, H.Y. (2012) Hydrogen: From a Biologically Inert Gas to a Unique Antioxidant. In: Lushchak, V. and Semchyshyn, H.M., Eds., Oxidative Stress, Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects, InTech. [11] Seppet, E., Gruno, M., Peetsalu, A., Gizatullina, Z., Nguyen, H.P., Vielhaber, S., et al. (2009) Mitochondria and Energetic Depression in Cell Pathophysiology. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10, 2252-2303. [12] Swerdlow, R.H. (2009) The Neurodegenerative Mitochondropaties. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 17, 737-751. [13] Aliev, G., Palacios, H.H., Gasimov, E., Gokhman, D., Leszek, J., Morales, L., Obrenovich, M.E., Bragin, V. and Herrera, A.S. (2010) Oxidative Stress-Induced Mitochondrial Failure and Brain Hypometabolism Underlay the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Offer Target for Treatment: Astonishing Effect of Melanin and Mitochondrial Antioxidants. Alzheimers & Dementia, 6, S582. [14] Solis-Herrera, A., Arias-Esparza, M.C., Esquivel, J.J.A., Miranda, G.L., Solís Arias, R.I., Solís Arias, P.E. and Solís Arias, M.P. (2011) The Pharmacologic Intensification of the Water Dissociation Process, or Human Photosynthesis, and Its Effect over the Recovery Mechanisms in Tissues Affected by Bloodshed of Diverse Etiology. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2, 332-338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2011.23058 [15] Solís Herrera, A., Arias-Esparza, M.C., Solis-Arias, R.I., Solis-Arias, P.E. and Solis-Arias, M.P. (2012) Human Photosynthesis and Central Nervous System’s Diseases. Journal of Neurological Sciences, 29, 654-668. [16] Solis-Herrera, A., Arias-Esparza, M.C., Solis-Arias, R.I., Solis-Arias, P.E. and Solis-Arias, M.P. (2010) The Unexpected Capacity of Melanin to Dissociate the Water Molecule Fills the Gap between the Life before and after ATP. Biomedical Research, 21, 224-226.