Assessment of the Trophic Status by Monitoring of Reservoir’s Water Quality
Author(s)
Milka M. Vidović1*,
Marko N. Rodić2,
Marija U. Vidović3,
Ivana S. Trajković1,
Sanja Z. Jovanić1
Affiliation(s)
1 Department for Ecology and Technoeconomics, The Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. 2 Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. 3 School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
1 Department for Ecology and Technoeconomics, The Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. 2 Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. 3 School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
ABSTRACT
Continuous long-term monitoring of aquatic systems is important for understanding their complete evolution in order to monitor changes in the trophic status and water quality. The continuous monitoring during a period of 20 years, by sampling once a month at two locations, the water quality of reservoir “Grliste”, which is used for the water supplying town Zajecar (Eastern Serbia), is observed and developmental stages in the life of the reservoir were determinated. It should be noted that the obtained results were used also in the purpose of finding a cause of cyanobacteria bloom, as a consequence of algal production. Limiting factors of algal production usually were nitrogen and phosphorus, however, in this study, obtained results of subtraction between trophic state index, calculated through total chlorophyll a (TSIChl-a) and trophic state index, calculated through total phosphorus (TSITP), indicated that limiting factor of algal production was light. On the basis of the concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) in the surface and in the bottom, it was concluded that the reservoir passed through four development phases during the examined period. Results of long-term monitoring showed that in the first years after the formation of the reservoir, the highest trophicity was detected (hypereutrophic status), but later the reservoir mostly maintained eutrophic status.
Continuous long-term monitoring of aquatic systems is important for understanding their complete evolution in order to monitor changes in the trophic status and water quality. The continuous monitoring during a period of 20 years, by sampling once a month at two locations, the water quality of reservoir “Grliste”, which is used for the water supplying town Zajecar (Eastern Serbia), is observed and developmental stages in the life of the reservoir were determinated. It should be noted that the obtained results were used also in the purpose of finding a cause of cyanobacteria bloom, as a consequence of algal production. Limiting factors of algal production usually were nitrogen and phosphorus, however, in this study, obtained results of subtraction between trophic state index, calculated through total chlorophyll a (TSIChl-a) and trophic state index, calculated through total phosphorus (TSITP), indicated that limiting factor of algal production was light. On the basis of the concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) in the surface and in the bottom, it was concluded that the reservoir passed through four development phases during the examined period. Results of long-term monitoring showed that in the first years after the formation of the reservoir, the highest trophicity was detected (hypereutrophic status), but later the reservoir mostly maintained eutrophic status.
Cite this paper
Vidović, M. , Rodić, M. , Vidović, M. , Trajković, I. and Jovanić, S. (2015) Assessment of the Trophic Status by Monitoring of Reservoir’s Water Quality. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 1-13. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.71001.
Vidović, M. , Rodić, M. , Vidović, M. , Trajković, I. and Jovanić, S. (2015) Assessment of the Trophic Status by Monitoring of Reservoir’s Water Quality. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 1-13. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.71001.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2010.26058 [2] Bittencourt-Oliveira, M.C., Moura, A., Hereman, T.C. and Dantas, E.W. (2011) Increase in Straight and Coiled Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) Populations under Conditions of Thermal De-Stratification in a Shallow Tropical Reservoir. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 3, 245-252.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2011.34031 [3] Gecheva, G., Yurukova, L., Cheshmedjiev, S., Varadinova, E. and Belkinova, D. (2013) Integrated Assessment of the Ecological Status of Bulgarian Lowland and Semi-Mountain Natural Lakes. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 29-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.46A004 [4] Straskraba, M., Tundisi, J.G. and Duncan, A. (1993) State-of-the-Art of Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality Management. In: Straskraba, M., Tundisi, J.G. and Duncan, A., Eds., Comparative Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality Management, Developments in Hydrobiology, 77, 213-288.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1096-1_13 [5] Portielje, R. and Van der Molen, D.T. (1999) Relationship between Eutrophication Variables: From Nutrient Loading to Transparency. Hydrobiologia, 408/409, 375-387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017090931476 [6] Stankovic, Z., Borisev, M., Simic, S., Vuckovic, M., Igic, R., Vidovic, M. and Miljanovic, B. (2009) Macrophytes of the Grliste Reservoir (Serbia): Fifteen Years after Its Establishment. Archives of Biological Sciences, 61, 267-278.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS0902267S [7] Van Nes, E.H., Winnie, J.R. and Scheffer, M. (2007) A Theory for Cyclic Shifts between Alternative States in Shallow Lakes. Ecosystems, 10, 17-27.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-006-0176-0 [8] Jørgensen, S.E., Loffler, H., Rast, W. and Straskraba, M. (2005) Lake and Reservoir Management. Vol. 54, Developments in Water Science, Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam. [9] May, L., Spears, B.M., Dudley, B.J. and Hatton-Ellis, T.W. (2010) The Importance of Nitrogen Limitation in the Restoration of Llangorse Lake, Wales, UK. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 12, 338-346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b912827a [10] Xu, Y., Cai, Q., Han, X., Shao, M. and Liu, R. (2010) Factors Regulating Trophic Status in a Large Subtropical Reservoir, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 169, 237-248.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1165-5 [11] Nweze, N.O. and Onyishi, U.E. (2011) Phycological Effects of Eutrophication with Fertilizers in Nike Lake, Nigeria. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 3, 856-860.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2011.312095 [12] Oliver, R. and Ganf, G. (2000) Freshwater Blooms. In: Whitton, B. and Potts, M., Eds., The Ecology of Cyanobacteria: Their Diversity in Time and Space, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 149-194. [13] Burt, T.P., Howden, N.J.K., Worrall, F. and Whelan, M.J. (2010) Long-Term Monitoring of River Water Nitrate: How Much Data Do We Need? Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 12, 71-79.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b913003a [14] Abell, J.M., Hamilton, D.P. and Rutherford, J.C. (2013) Quantifying Temporal and Spatial Variations in Sediment, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Transport in Stream Inflows to a Large Eutrophic Lake. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 15, 1137-1152.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3em00083d [15] Bostrom, B., Andersen, J.A., Fleischer, S. and Jansson, M. (1988) Exchange of Phosphorus across the Sediment-Water Interface. Hydrobiologia, 79, 229-244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024907 [16] Beutel, M.W. (2006) Inhibition of Ammonia Release from Anoxic Profundal Sediments in Lakes Using Hypolimnetic Oxygenation. Ecological Engineering, 28, 271-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.05.009 [17] Havens, K.E. (1995) Secondary Nitrogen Limitation in a Subtropical Lake Impacted by Non-Point Source Agricultural Pollution. Environmental Pollution, 89, 241-246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)00076-P [18] Goldyn, R., Joniak, T., Kowalczewska-Madura, K. and Kozak, A. (2003) Trophic State of Lowland Reservoir during 10 Years after Restoration. Hydrobiologia, 506-509, 759-765.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008585.37813.fa [19] Janjua, M.Y., Ahmad, T. and Akhtar, N. (2009) Limnology and Trophic Status of Shahpur Dam Reservoir, Pakistan. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 19, 224-273. [20] Li, Y.F., Liu, H.Y., Hao, J.F., Zheng, N. and Cao, X. (2012) Trophic States of Creeks and Their Relationship to Changes in Water Level in Xixi National Wetland Park, China. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 184, 2433-2441.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2128-1 [21] Bogdanovic, D.M. (2006) The Role of Phosphorus in Eutrophication. Zbornik Matice Srpske za Prirodne Nauke, 110, 75-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ZMSPN0611075B [22] APHA (1999) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington DC. [23] ASTM (1981) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, D 515-78. [24] ISO 10260:1992 (1992) Water Quality—Measurement of Biochemical Parameters—Spectrometric Determination of the Chlorophyll—A Concentration. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. [25] ASTM (1981) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, D 1426-79. [26] SRPS ISO 5813:1994 (1994) Water Quality—Determination of Dissolved Oxygen—Iodine Metric Method (Replaced with New SRPS EN 25813:2009). [27] Carlson, R.E. (1977) A Trophic State Index for Lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 22, 361-369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361 [28] Mitrovic, S.M., Hardwick, L. and Dorani, F. (2011) Use of Flow Management to Mitigate Cyanobacterial Blooms in the Lower Darling River, Australia. Journal of Plankton Research, 33, 229-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbq094 [29] Vuckovic, M. and Mirjacic-Zivkovic, B. (2002) Fund of Expert Documentation, Belgrade. [30] Carlson, R.E. (1991) Expanding the Trophic State Concept to Identify Non-Nutrient Limited Lakes and Reservoirs. In: Carpenter, L., Ed., Proceedings of a National Conference on Enhancing the States’ Lake Management Programs, North American Lake Management Society, Chicago, 59-71.
[1] Barinova, S.S. and Nevo, E. (2010) The Upper Jordan River Algal Communities Are Evidence of Long-Term Climatic and Anthropogenic Impacts. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2, 507-526.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2010.26058 [2] Bittencourt-Oliveira, M.C., Moura, A., Hereman, T.C. and Dantas, E.W. (2011) Increase in Straight and Coiled Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) Populations under Conditions of Thermal De-Stratification in a Shallow Tropical Reservoir. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 3, 245-252.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2011.34031 [3] Gecheva, G., Yurukova, L., Cheshmedjiev, S., Varadinova, E. and Belkinova, D. (2013) Integrated Assessment of the Ecological Status of Bulgarian Lowland and Semi-Mountain Natural Lakes. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 29-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.46A004 [4] Straskraba, M., Tundisi, J.G. and Duncan, A. (1993) State-of-the-Art of Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality Management. In: Straskraba, M., Tundisi, J.G. and Duncan, A., Eds., Comparative Reservoir Limnology and Water Quality Management, Developments in Hydrobiology, 77, 213-288.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1096-1_13 [5] Portielje, R. and Van der Molen, D.T. (1999) Relationship between Eutrophication Variables: From Nutrient Loading to Transparency. Hydrobiologia, 408/409, 375-387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017090931476 [6] Stankovic, Z., Borisev, M., Simic, S., Vuckovic, M., Igic, R., Vidovic, M. and Miljanovic, B. (2009) Macrophytes of the Grliste Reservoir (Serbia): Fifteen Years after Its Establishment. Archives of Biological Sciences, 61, 267-278.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ABS0902267S [7] Van Nes, E.H., Winnie, J.R. and Scheffer, M. (2007) A Theory for Cyclic Shifts between Alternative States in Shallow Lakes. Ecosystems, 10, 17-27.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-006-0176-0 [8] Jørgensen, S.E., Loffler, H., Rast, W. and Straskraba, M. (2005) Lake and Reservoir Management. Vol. 54, Developments in Water Science, Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam. [9] May, L., Spears, B.M., Dudley, B.J. and Hatton-Ellis, T.W. (2010) The Importance of Nitrogen Limitation in the Restoration of Llangorse Lake, Wales, UK. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 12, 338-346.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b912827a [10] Xu, Y., Cai, Q., Han, X., Shao, M. and Liu, R. (2010) Factors Regulating Trophic Status in a Large Subtropical Reservoir, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 169, 237-248.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1165-5 [11] Nweze, N.O. and Onyishi, U.E. (2011) Phycological Effects of Eutrophication with Fertilizers in Nike Lake, Nigeria. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 3, 856-860.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2011.312095 [12] Oliver, R. and Ganf, G. (2000) Freshwater Blooms. In: Whitton, B. and Potts, M., Eds., The Ecology of Cyanobacteria: Their Diversity in Time and Space, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 149-194. [13] Burt, T.P., Howden, N.J.K., Worrall, F. and Whelan, M.J. (2010) Long-Term Monitoring of River Water Nitrate: How Much Data Do We Need? Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 12, 71-79.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b913003a [14] Abell, J.M., Hamilton, D.P. and Rutherford, J.C. (2013) Quantifying Temporal and Spatial Variations in Sediment, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Transport in Stream Inflows to a Large Eutrophic Lake. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 15, 1137-1152.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3em00083d [15] Bostrom, B., Andersen, J.A., Fleischer, S. and Jansson, M. (1988) Exchange of Phosphorus across the Sediment-Water Interface. Hydrobiologia, 79, 229-244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024907 [16] Beutel, M.W. (2006) Inhibition of Ammonia Release from Anoxic Profundal Sediments in Lakes Using Hypolimnetic Oxygenation. Ecological Engineering, 28, 271-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.05.009 [17] Havens, K.E. (1995) Secondary Nitrogen Limitation in a Subtropical Lake Impacted by Non-Point Source Agricultural Pollution. Environmental Pollution, 89, 241-246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7491(94)00076-P [18] Goldyn, R., Joniak, T., Kowalczewska-Madura, K. and Kozak, A. (2003) Trophic State of Lowland Reservoir during 10 Years after Restoration. Hydrobiologia, 506-509, 759-765.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000008585.37813.fa [19] Janjua, M.Y., Ahmad, T. and Akhtar, N. (2009) Limnology and Trophic Status of Shahpur Dam Reservoir, Pakistan. The Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 19, 224-273. [20] Li, Y.F., Liu, H.Y., Hao, J.F., Zheng, N. and Cao, X. (2012) Trophic States of Creeks and Their Relationship to Changes in Water Level in Xixi National Wetland Park, China. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 184, 2433-2441.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2128-1 [21] Bogdanovic, D.M. (2006) The Role of Phosphorus in Eutrophication. Zbornik Matice Srpske za Prirodne Nauke, 110, 75-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ZMSPN0611075B [22] APHA (1999) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington DC. [23] ASTM (1981) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, D 515-78. [24] ISO 10260:1992 (1992) Water Quality—Measurement of Biochemical Parameters—Spectrometric Determination of the Chlorophyll—A Concentration. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva. [25] ASTM (1981) Annual Book of ASTM Standards, D 1426-79. [26] SRPS ISO 5813:1994 (1994) Water Quality—Determination of Dissolved Oxygen—Iodine Metric Method (Replaced with New SRPS EN 25813:2009). [27] Carlson, R.E. (1977) A Trophic State Index for Lakes. Limnology and Oceanography, 22, 361-369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1977.22.2.0361 [28] Mitrovic, S.M., Hardwick, L. and Dorani, F. (2011) Use of Flow Management to Mitigate Cyanobacterial Blooms in the Lower Darling River, Australia. Journal of Plankton Research, 33, 229-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbq094 [29] Vuckovic, M. and Mirjacic-Zivkovic, B. (2002) Fund of Expert Documentation, Belgrade. [30] Carlson, R.E. (1991) Expanding the Trophic State Concept to Identify Non-Nutrient Limited Lakes and Reservoirs. In: Carpenter, L., Ed., Proceedings of a National Conference on Enhancing the States’ Lake Management Programs, North American Lake Management Society, Chicago, 59-71.