Household Poverty Dimensions Influencing Forest Dependence at Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda: An Application of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework
Author(s)
Ian E. Munanura1*,
Kenneth F. Backman1,
DeWayne D. Moore2,
Jeffrey C. Hallo1,
Robert B. Powell1
Affiliation(s)
1 Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA. 2 Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
1 Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA. 2 Department of Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
ABSTRACT
This paper explores the perceived relationship between household poverty and forest dependence among the poorest residents neighboring Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. Using the sustainable livelihoods framework, this paper examines the influence of household poverty on forest dependence. The findings reveal that food and health security risks are primary drivers of forest dependence. Education security risks however, were found to have an indirect influence. Both food and health security risks were found to have equal influence on forest dependence. The economic security risks traditionally believed to significantly influence forest dependence were not found to have a direct influence.
This paper explores the perceived relationship between household poverty and forest dependence among the poorest residents neighboring Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. Using the sustainable livelihoods framework, this paper examines the influence of household poverty on forest dependence. The findings reveal that food and health security risks are primary drivers of forest dependence. Education security risks however, were found to have an indirect influence. Both food and health security risks were found to have equal influence on forest dependence. The economic security risks traditionally believed to significantly influence forest dependence were not found to have a direct influence.
Cite this paper
Munanura, I. , Backman, K. , Moore, D. , Hallo, J. and Powell, R. (2014) Household Poverty Dimensions Influencing Forest Dependence at Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda: An Application of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. Natural Resources, 5, 1031-1047. doi: 10.4236/nr.2014.516087.
Munanura, I. , Backman, K. , Moore, D. , Hallo, J. and Powell, R. (2014) Household Poverty Dimensions Influencing Forest Dependence at Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda: An Application of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework. Natural Resources, 5, 1031-1047. doi: 10.4236/nr.2014.516087.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011538108
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wbro/14.1.73 [2] Angelsen, A. and Wunder, S. (2003) Exploring the Forest-Poverty Link. CIFOR Occasional Paper, 40, 1-20. [3] De Sherbinin, A., VanWey, L.K., McSweeney, K., Aggarwal, R., Barbieri, A., Henry, S., Hunter, L.M., Twine, W. and Walker, R. (2008) Rural Household Demographics, Livelihoods and the Environment. Global Environmental Change, 18, 38-53.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.05.005 [4] Masozera, M.K. and Alavalapati, J.R.R. (2004) Forest Dependency and Its Implications for Protected Areas Management: A Case Study from the Nyungwe Forest Reserve, Rwanda. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 19, 85-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14004080410034164 [5] Nyaupane, G.P. and Poudel, S. (2011) Linkages among Biodiversity, Livelihood, and Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38, 1344-1366.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.006 [6] Vedeld, P., Jumane, A., Wapalila, G. and Songorwa, A. (2012) Protected Areas, Poverty and Conflicts: A Livelihood Case Study of Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. Forest Policy and Economics, 21, 20-31.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2012.01.008 [7] Wunder, S. (2001) Poverty Alleviation and Tropical Forests, What Scope for Synergies? World Development, 29, 1817-1833.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00070-5 [8] Jodha, N. (1998) Poverty and Environmental Resource Degradation: An Alternative Explanation and Possible Solutions. Economic and Political Weekly, 2384-2390. [9] Reardon, T. and Vosti, S.A. (1995) Links between Rural Poverty and the Environment in Developing Countries: Asset Categories and Investment Poverty. World Development, 23, 1495-1506.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00061-G [10] Salafsky, N. and Wollenberg, E. (2000) Linking Livelihoods and Conservation: A Conceptual Framework and Scale for Assessing the Integration of Human Needs and Biodiversity. World Development, 28, 1421-1438.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00031-0 [11] Cavendish, W. (2000) Empirical Regularities in the Poverty-Environment Relationship of Rural Households: Evidence from Zimbabwe. World Development, 28, 1979-2003.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00066-8 [12] Bhandari, B. and Grant, M. (2007) Analysis of Livelihood Security: A Case Study in the Kali-Khola Watershed of Nepal. Journal of environmental Management, 85, 17-26.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.07.010 [13] Sunderlin, W.D., Angelsen, A., Belcher, B., Burgers, P., Nasi, R., Santoso, L. and Wunder, S. (2005) Livelihoods, Forests, and Conservation in Developing Countries: An Overview. World Development, 33, 1383-1402.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.004 [14] Sachs, J.D., Baillie, J.E., Sutherland, W.J., Armsworth, P.R., Ash, N., Beddington, J. and Gaston, K.J. (2009) Biodiversity Conservation and the Millennium Development Goals. Science, 325, 1502-1503.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1175035 [15] Beckley, T.M. (1998) The Nestedness of Forest Dependence: A Conceptual Framework and Empirical Exploration. Society Natural Resources, 11, 101-120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941929809381066 [16] Chambers, R. (1995) Poverty and Livelihoods: Whose Reality Counts? Environment and Urbanization, 7, 173-204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095624789500700106 [17] Vira, B. and Kontoleon, A. (2010) Dependence of the Poor on Biodiversity: Which Poor, What Biodiversity? In: Roe, D., Elliott, J., Sandbrook, C. and Walpole, M., Eds., Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Alleviation: Exploring the Evidence for a Link, Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken, 52-84. [18] Bahuguna, V.K. (2000) Forests in the Economy of the Rural Poor: An Estimation of the Dependency Level. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 29, 126-129. [19] McSweeney, K. (2002) Who Is Forest Dependent? Capturing Local Variation in Forest-Product Sale, Eastern Honduras. The Professional Geographer, 54, 158-174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00323 [20] Fisher, M. (2004) Household Welfare and Forest Dependence in Southern Malawi. Environment and Development Economics, 9, 135-154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X03001219 [21] Chambers, R. and Conway, G. (1992) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century. [22] Ellis, F. (2000) The Determinants of Rural Livelihood Diversification in Developing Countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51, 289-302.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2000.tb01229.x [23] Frankenberger, T., Drinkwater, M. and Maxwell, D. (2000) Operationalizing Household Livelihood Security. Proceedings of a Report for the Forum on Operationalizing Participatory Ways of Applying Sustainable Livelihood Approaches, DfID/FAO, Rome. [24] Scoones, I. (1998) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis. IDS Working Paper 72, Institute of Development Studies, Brighton. [25] Adhikari, B., Williams, F. and Lovett, J.C. (2007) Local Benefits from Community Forests in the Middle Hills of Nepal. Forest Policy and Economics, 9, 464-478.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2005.11.002 [26] Agrawal, A. and Redford, K. (2006) Poverty, Development, and Biodiversity Conservation: Shooting in the Dark? Wildlife Conservation Society Working Paper 26, Bronx, New York. [27] Bush, G.K., Ikirezi, M., Daconto, G., Gray, M. and Fawcett, K. (2010) Assessing Impacts from Community Conservation Interventions around Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. [28] Nielsen, H. and Spenceley, A. (2010) The Success of Tourism in Rwanda, Gorillas and More. World Bank and the Netherlands Development Organization. [29] Plumptre, A., Kayitare, A., Rainer, H., Gray, M., Munanura, I., Barakabuye, N. and Namara, A. (2004) The SocioEconomic Status of People Living near Protected Areas in the Central Albertine Rift. WCS, IGCP, CARE Uganda, Kampala. [30] Gray, M., McNeilage, A., Fawcett, K., Robbins, M.M., Ssebide, B., Mbula, D. and Uwingeli, P. (2009) Censusing the Mountain Gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes: Complete Sweep Method versus Monitoring. African Journal of Ecology, 48, 588-599. [31] Archabald, K. and Naughton-Treves, L. (2001) Tourism Revenue Sharing around National Parks in Western Uganda: Early Efforts to Identify and Reward Local Communities. Environmental Conservation, 28, 135-149.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892901000145 [32] Blomley, T., Namara, A., McNeilage, A., Franks, P., Rainer, H., Donaldson, A. and Sandbrook, C. (2010) Development and Gorillas? Assessing Fifteen Years of Integrated Conservation and Development in Southwestern Uganda. IIED. [33] Brown, K. (2002) Innovations for Conservation and Development. The Geographical Journal, 168, 6-17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4959.00034 [34] Kiss, A. (2004) Is Community-Based Ecotourism a Good Use of Biodiversity Conservation Funds? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19, 232-237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.03.010 [35] Alkire, S. and Santos, M.E. (2011) Acute Multidimensional Poverty: A New Index for Developing Countries. [36] Goedhart, T., Halberstadt, V., Kapteyn, A. and Van Praag, B. (1977) The Poverty Line: Concept and Measurement. Journal of Human Resources, 12, 503-520.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/145372 [37] Chambers, R. (1983) Rural Development: Putting the Last First (Volume 198). Longman, London. [38] Sachs, J., McArthur, J.W., Schmidt-Traub, G., Kruk, M., Bahadur, C., Faye, M. and McCord, G. (2004) Ending Africa’s Poverty Trap. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2004, 117-240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eca.2004.0018 [39] Frankenberger, T.R. and McCaston, M.K. (1998) The Household Livelihood Security Concept. Food Nutrition and Agriculture, 30-35. [40] Ashley, C., Carney, D. and Britain, G. (1999) Sustainable Livelihoods: Lessons from Early Experience (Volume 94). Department for International Development, London. [41] Hackel, J.D. (1999) Community Conservation and the Future of Africa’s Wildlife. Conservation Biology, 13, 726-734.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98210.x [42] Tumusiime, D.M., Vedeld, P. and Gombya-Ssembajjwe, W. (2011) Breaking the Law? Illegal Livelihoods from a Protected Area in Uganda. Forest Policy and Economics, 13, 273-283.
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