Education on Sustainable Development based on Local Agenda 21
Affiliation(s)
Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Greece. Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Greece..
Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Greece. Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Greece..
ABSTRACT
The study is contextualized through evaluating the implementation of Local Agenda Action Plan (LAAP). The goal was to address environmental challenges facing a city under the framework of sustainable development and planning. The evaluation of this conceptual framework was tested at a selected municipality of Athens (Greece), that has used a LAAP. The research was based on a structured questionnaire survey of a sample of 300 respondents selected from municipal employees (100 persons) and citizens of the selected municipality (200 persons). Analysis and interpretation of data through descriptive and factor analysis statistics establish that both municipality employees and citizens are primarily concerned with issues of environmental management. They firmly believe that sustainability initiatives at municipality might best be implemented through a collaborative approach at the local community level, involving local citizens working in partnership with local government. Furthermore, the study established the importance of education, aware-ness and training as a response to environmental issues currently facing the municipality. The awareness and training activities should be developed and should involve the members of the community in the needed environmental manage-ment processes. In view of the Decade Education for Sustainable Development (UNESCO 2005-2015), this should en-able the Council to create opportunities for income generation, while simultaneously promoting citizens’ environmental responsible behaviors and improving service delivery by municipality employees.
The study is contextualized through evaluating the implementation of Local Agenda Action Plan (LAAP). The goal was to address environmental challenges facing a city under the framework of sustainable development and planning. The evaluation of this conceptual framework was tested at a selected municipality of Athens (Greece), that has used a LAAP. The research was based on a structured questionnaire survey of a sample of 300 respondents selected from municipal employees (100 persons) and citizens of the selected municipality (200 persons). Analysis and interpretation of data through descriptive and factor analysis statistics establish that both municipality employees and citizens are primarily concerned with issues of environmental management. They firmly believe that sustainability initiatives at municipality might best be implemented through a collaborative approach at the local community level, involving local citizens working in partnership with local government. Furthermore, the study established the importance of education, aware-ness and training as a response to environmental issues currently facing the municipality. The awareness and training activities should be developed and should involve the members of the community in the needed environmental manage-ment processes. In view of the Decade Education for Sustainable Development (UNESCO 2005-2015), this should en-able the Council to create opportunities for income generation, while simultaneously promoting citizens’ environmental responsible behaviors and improving service delivery by municipality employees.
KEYWORDS
Environmental Policy, Local Agenda 21, Education, Sustainable Development, Greece, Evaluation
Environmental Policy, Local Agenda 21, Education, Sustainable Development, Greece, Evaluation
Cite this paper
nullC. Skanavis, P. Zacharaki, C. Giannoulis and V. Petreniti, "Education on Sustainable Development based on Local Agenda 21," Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 2 No. 4, 2011, pp. 371-378. doi: 10.4236/jep.2011.24041.
nullC. Skanavis, P. Zacharaki, C. Giannoulis and V. Petreniti, "Education on Sustainable Development based on Local Agenda 21," Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 2 No. 4, 2011, pp. 371-378. doi: 10.4236/jep.2011.24041.
References
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Pires, “Surrender or Resistance yo the Implementation of Local Agenda 21 in Portugal: The Challenges Of Local Governance For Sustainable Development,” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 52, No. 4, 2009, pp. 497-518. doi:10.1080/09640560902868363 [15] B. Barrett and M. Usui, “Local Agenda 21 in Japan: Transforming Local Environmental Governance,” Local Environment, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2002, pp. 49-67. doi:10.1080/13549830220115411 [16] C. Echebarria, J. M. Barrutia and I. Aguado, “Local Age- Nda 21: Progress In Spain,” European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2004, pp. 273-281. doi:10.1177/0969776404041490 [17] K. Kern, C. Koll and M. Schophaus, “The Diffusion of Local Agenda 21 in Germany: Comparing The German Federal States” Environmental Politics, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2007, pp. 604-624. doi:10.1080/09644010701419139 [18] W. Sancassiani, “Local Agenda 21 in Italy: An Effective Governance Tool For Facili-tating Local Communities Participation And Promoting Capacity Building For Sustainability,” Local Environment, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2005, pp. 189-200. doi:10.1080/1354983052000330770 [19] C. Varol, O. Y. Ercoskun and N. Gurer, “Local Participatory Mechanisms and Collective Actions for Sustainable Urban Development in Turkey,” Habitat International, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2011, pp. 9-16. doi:10.1016/J.Habitatint.2010.02.002 [20] J. Rosenberg and L. S. Thomas, “Participating or Just Talking? Sustainable Devel-opment Councils snd The Implementation of Agenda 21,” Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2005, pp. 61-87. doi:10.1162/1526380054127763 [21] J. M. Barrutia, I. Aguado and C. Echebarria, “Networking for Local Agenda 21 Imple-mentation: Learning From Experiences With Udaltalde And Udalsarea In The Basque Autonomous Community,” Geoforum, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2007, pp. 33-48. doi:10.1016/J.Geoforum.2006.05.004 [22] V. Kupke, “Local Agenda 21: Local Councils Managing For The Future,” Urban Policy And Research, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1996, pp. 183-198. doi:10.1080/08111149608551595 [23] D. Mercer and B. Jotkowitz, “Local Agenda 21 and Barriers to Sustainability at the Local Government Level in Victoria, Australia,” Australian Geographer, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2000, pp. 163-181. Doi:10.1080/713612242 [24] J. Peris, M. Acebillo-Baqué and C. Calabuig, “Scrutinizing the Link between Participatory Go-vernance and Urban Environment Management. The Experience in Arequipa During 2003-2006,” Habitat International, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2011, pp. 84-92. doi:10.1016/J.Habitatint.2010.04.003 [25] A. Tonami and A. Mori, “Sustainable Development in Thailand. Lessons from Implementing Local Agenda 21 in Three Cities,” Journal of Environment and Development, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2007, pp. 269-289. doi:10.1177/1070496507306223 [26] A. Scipioni, A. Mazzi, M. Mason and A. Manzardo, “The Dashboard of Sustainability to Measure the Local Urban Sustainable Development: The Case Study Of Padua Municipality,” Ecological Indicators, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2009, pp. 364-380. doi:10.1016/J.Ecolind.2008.05.002 [27] J. Feichtinger and M. Pregernig, “Participation and/or/ Versus Sustainability? Tensions between Procedural and Substantive Goals in Two Local Agenda 21 Processes in Sweden and Austria,” European Environment, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2005, pp. 212-227. Doi:10.1002/Eet.386 [28] D. Roberts and N. Diederichs, “Durban’S Local Agenda 21 Programme: Tackling Sustainable Development In A Post-Apartheid City,” Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2002, pp. 189-201. doi:10.1177/095624780201400116 [29] M. Gaye, L. Diouf and N. Keller, “Moving towards Local Agenda 21 in Rufisque,” Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2001, pp. 201-214. doi:10.1177/095624780101300216 [30] I. Roberts, “Leicester Environment City: Learning How To Make Local Agenda 21, Partnerships And Participation Deliver,” Environment and Ur-banization, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2000, pp. 9-26. Doi:10.1177/095624780001200202 [31] M. Hordijk, “A Dream of Green and Water: Community Based Formulation Of A Local Agenda 21 In Peri-Urban Lima,” Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 11, No 2, 1999, pp. 11-30. Doi:10.1177/095624789901100203 [32] R. Tuts, “Localizing Agenda 21 in Small Cities in Kenya, Morocco and Vietnam,” Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1998, pp. 175-190. doi:10.1177/095624789801000207 [33] J. E. Bullard, “Raising Awareness of Local Agenda 21: The Use Of Internet Re-sources,” Journal of Geography in Higher Education, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1998. pp. 201-210. doi:10.1080/03098269885903 [34] M. Lindstr?m and P. Johnsson, “Environmental Concern, Self-Concept and Defence Style: A Study Of The Agenda 21 Process In A Swedish Muni-cipality,” Environmental Education Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2003, pp. 51-66. doi:10.1080/13504620303470 [35] C. Skanavis, M. Sakellari and V. Petreniti, “The Potential of Free-Choice Learning for Environmental Participation in Greece,” Environmental Educa-tion Research, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2005, pp. 321-333. doi:10.1080/13504620500081194 [36] B. Tabachnick and L. Fidell, “Using Multivariate Statistics,” 5th Edition, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 2007. [37] S. Buckingham-Hatfield, “Gender-ing Agenda 21: Women’s Involvement In Setting The Environ-mental Agenda,” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1999, pp. 121-132. [38] L. Zelezny, P. Chua and C. Aldrich, “New Ways of Thinking about Environmentalism: Elaborating On Gender Differences In Environmentalism,” Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2000, pp. 443-457. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00177 [39] L. Zelezny and M. Bailey, “A Call for Women to Lead A Different Environmental Movement,” Organization & Environment, Vol. 19, No 1, 2006, pp. 103-109. doi:10.1177/1086026605285588 [40] B. Agarwal, “Gender and Forest Conservation: The Impact Of Women’s Participation In Community Forest Governance,” Ecological Economics, Vol. 68, No. 11, 2009, pp. 2785-2799. doi:10.1016/J.Ecolecon.2009.04.025 [41] N. Mukherjee, “Reflections on Gender Training for Government Officials in India,” Proceedings of Iied/Ids Workshop on Pra and Gender, Brighton, December 1993. [42] C. Skanavis and M. Sakellari, “Gender and Sustainable Tourism: Women’s Participation In The Environmental Decision-Making Process,” European Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2008, pp. 78-93. [43] I. Von Frantzius, “World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg 2002: A Critical Analysis And Assessment Of The Outcomes,” Environmental Politics, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2004, pp. 467-473. doi:10.1080/09644010410001689214
[1] P. Jacobi, “Agenda 21 and Cities in Developing Countries,” Politics and the Life Sciences, Vol. 21, No. 2, 2002, pp. 61-65. [2] R. Tuts, “Localizing Agenda 21 in Small Cities in Kenya, Morocco and Vietnam,” Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1998, pp. 175-190. doi:10.1177/095624789801000207 [3] A. L. Owen And J. Videras, “Trust, Cooperation, and Implementation of Sustaina-bility Programs: The Case Of Local Agenda 21,” Ecological Economics, Vol. 68, No. 1, 2008, pp. 259-272. doi:10.1016/J.Ecolecon.2008.03.006 [4] A. Baldwin, “Agenda 21,” In: P. Robbins, Ed., Encyclopedia of Environment and Society, Sage Publications, Inc., Thousand Oaks, 2007, pp. 10-11. [5] M. Joas and B. Gr?nholm, “A Comparative Pers-pective on Self-Assessment of Local Agenda 21 in European Cities,” Boreal Environment Research, Vol. 9, No. 6, 2006, pp. 499-507. [6] F. Steinberg and L. Miranda, “Local Agenda 21, Capacity Building and the Cities of Peru,” Habitat International, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2005, pp. 163-182. doi:10.1016/J.Habitatint.2003.07.001 [7] International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, (Iclei), “Second Local Agenda 21 Survey,” United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Background Paper No. 15, 2002. [8] J. M. Barrutia And C. Echebarria, “Developing a New Framework to Explain Transverse Evolution of Knowledge-Driven Regional Policy Networks,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 34, No. 4, 2010, pp. 906-924. doi:10.1111/J.1468-2427.2010.00910.X [9] C. Echebarria, J. M. Barrutia And I. Aguado, “The Isc Framework: Modelling Drivers For The Degree Of Local Agenda 21 Implantation In Western Europe,” Environment and Planning A, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2009, pp. 980-995. doi:10.1068/A40301 [10] I. M. Gar-cia-Sanchez and J. Prado-Lorenzo, “Determinant Factors in the Degree of Implementation of Local Agenda 21 in the European Union,” Sustainable Development, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2008, pp. 17-34. doi:10.1002/sd.334 [11] F. Mckenzie and B. Pini, “Challenging Local Government Notions of Community En-gagement as Unnecessary, Unwanted and Unproductive: Case Studies From Rural Australia,” Journal Of Environmental Policy & Planning, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2006, pp. 27-44. doi:10.1080/15239080600634078 [12] F. Coenen, “Local Agenda 21: ‘Meaningful And Effective’ Participation?,” In F. Coenen, Ed., Public Participation and Better Environmental Decisions, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2009, pp. 165-182. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9325-8_10 [13] N. Carter, F. N. Da Silva and F. Magalh Es, “Local Agenda 21: Progress in Portug-al,” European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2000, pp. 181-186. doi:10.1177/096977640000700207 [14] T. Fidelis and S. M. Pires, “Surrender or Resistance yo the Implementation of Local Agenda 21 in Portugal: The Challenges Of Local Governance For Sustainable Development,” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Vol. 52, No. 4, 2009, pp. 497-518. doi:10.1080/09640560902868363 [15] B. Barrett and M. Usui, “Local Agenda 21 in Japan: Transforming Local Environmental Governance,” Local Environment, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2002, pp. 49-67. doi:10.1080/13549830220115411 [16] C. Echebarria, J. M. Barrutia and I. Aguado, “Local Age- Nda 21: Progress In Spain,” European Urban and Regional Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2004, pp. 273-281. doi:10.1177/0969776404041490 [17] K. Kern, C. Koll and M. Schophaus, “The Diffusion of Local Agenda 21 in Germany: Comparing The German Federal States” Environmental Politics, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2007, pp. 604-624. doi:10.1080/09644010701419139 [18] W. Sancassiani, “Local Agenda 21 in Italy: An Effective Governance Tool For Facili-tating Local Communities Participation And Promoting Capacity Building For Sustainability,” Local Environment, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2005, pp. 189-200. doi:10.1080/1354983052000330770 [19] C. Varol, O. Y. Ercoskun and N. Gurer, “Local Participatory Mechanisms and Collective Actions for Sustainable Urban Development in Turkey,” Habitat International, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2011, pp. 9-16. doi:10.1016/J.Habitatint.2010.02.002 [20] J. Rosenberg and L. S. Thomas, “Participating or Just Talking? Sustainable Devel-opment Councils snd The Implementation of Agenda 21,” Global Environmental Politics, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2005, pp. 61-87. doi:10.1162/1526380054127763 [21] J. M. Barrutia, I. Aguado and C. Echebarria, “Networking for Local Agenda 21 Imple-mentation: Learning From Experiences With Udaltalde And Udalsarea In The Basque Autonomous Community,” Geoforum, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2007, pp. 33-48. doi:10.1016/J.Geoforum.2006.05.004 [22] V. Kupke, “Local Agenda 21: Local Councils Managing For The Future,” Urban Policy And Research, Vol. 14, No. 3, 1996, pp. 183-198. doi:10.1080/08111149608551595 [23] D. Mercer and B. Jotkowitz, “Local Agenda 21 and Barriers to Sustainability at the Local Government Level in Victoria, Australia,” Australian Geographer, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2000, pp. 163-181. Doi:10.1080/713612242 [24] J. Peris, M. Acebillo-Baqué and C. Calabuig, “Scrutinizing the Link between Participatory Go-vernance and Urban Environment Management. The Experience in Arequipa During 2003-2006,” Habitat International, Vol. 35, No. 1, 2011, pp. 84-92. doi:10.1016/J.Habitatint.2010.04.003 [25] A. Tonami and A. Mori, “Sustainable Development in Thailand. Lessons from Implementing Local Agenda 21 in Three Cities,” Journal of Environment and Development, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2007, pp. 269-289. doi:10.1177/1070496507306223 [26] A. Scipioni, A. Mazzi, M. Mason and A. Manzardo, “The Dashboard of Sustainability to Measure the Local Urban Sustainable Development: The Case Study Of Padua Municipality,” Ecological Indicators, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2009, pp. 364-380. doi:10.1016/J.Ecolind.2008.05.002 [27] J. Feichtinger and M. Pregernig, “Participation and/or/ Versus Sustainability? Tensions between Procedural and Substantive Goals in Two Local Agenda 21 Processes in Sweden and Austria,” European Environment, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2005, pp. 212-227. Doi:10.1002/Eet.386 [28] D. Roberts and N. Diederichs, “Durban’S Local Agenda 21 Programme: Tackling Sustainable Development In A Post-Apartheid City,” Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2002, pp. 189-201. doi:10.1177/095624780201400116 [29] M. Gaye, L. Diouf and N. Keller, “Moving towards Local Agenda 21 in Rufisque,” Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2001, pp. 201-214. doi:10.1177/095624780101300216 [30] I. Roberts, “Leicester Environment City: Learning How To Make Local Agenda 21, Partnerships And Participation Deliver,” Environment and Ur-banization, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2000, pp. 9-26. Doi:10.1177/095624780001200202 [31] M. Hordijk, “A Dream of Green and Water: Community Based Formulation Of A Local Agenda 21 In Peri-Urban Lima,” Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 11, No 2, 1999, pp. 11-30. Doi:10.1177/095624789901100203 [32] R. Tuts, “Localizing Agenda 21 in Small Cities in Kenya, Morocco and Vietnam,” Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 10, No. 2, 1998, pp. 175-190. doi:10.1177/095624789801000207 [33] J. E. Bullard, “Raising Awareness of Local Agenda 21: The Use Of Internet Re-sources,” Journal of Geography in Higher Education, Vol. 22, No. 2, 1998. pp. 201-210. doi:10.1080/03098269885903 [34] M. Lindstr?m and P. Johnsson, “Environmental Concern, Self-Concept and Defence Style: A Study Of The Agenda 21 Process In A Swedish Muni-cipality,” Environmental Education Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2003, pp. 51-66. doi:10.1080/13504620303470 [35] C. Skanavis, M. Sakellari and V. Petreniti, “The Potential of Free-Choice Learning for Environmental Participation in Greece,” Environmental Educa-tion Research, Vol. 11, No. 3, 2005, pp. 321-333. doi:10.1080/13504620500081194 [36] B. Tabachnick and L. Fidell, “Using Multivariate Statistics,” 5th Edition, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 2007. [37] S. Buckingham-Hatfield, “Gender-ing Agenda 21: Women’s Involvement In Setting The Environ-mental Agenda,” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1999, pp. 121-132. [38] L. Zelezny, P. Chua and C. Aldrich, “New Ways of Thinking about Environmentalism: Elaborating On Gender Differences In Environmentalism,” Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 56, No. 3, 2000, pp. 443-457. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00177 [39] L. Zelezny and M. Bailey, “A Call for Women to Lead A Different Environmental Movement,” Organization & Environment, Vol. 19, No 1, 2006, pp. 103-109. doi:10.1177/1086026605285588 [40] B. Agarwal, “Gender and Forest Conservation: The Impact Of Women’s Participation In Community Forest Governance,” Ecological Economics, Vol. 68, No. 11, 2009, pp. 2785-2799. doi:10.1016/J.Ecolecon.2009.04.025 [41] N. Mukherjee, “Reflections on Gender Training for Government Officials in India,” Proceedings of Iied/Ids Workshop on Pra and Gender, Brighton, December 1993. [42] C. Skanavis and M. Sakellari, “Gender and Sustainable Tourism: Women’s Participation In The Environmental Decision-Making Process,” European Journal of Tourism Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2008, pp. 78-93. [43] I. Von Frantzius, “World Summit on Sustainable Development Johannesburg 2002: A Critical Analysis And Assessment Of The Outcomes,” Environmental Politics, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2004, pp. 467-473. doi:10.1080/09644010410001689214