The Improvement of the Quality of Irrigation Water Contaminated with Heavy Metals in the Borg El Arab, Egypt
Affiliation(s)
1 Environmental Studies and Researches Institute, Sadat City University, Sadat, Egypt. 2 Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
1 Environmental Studies and Researches Institute, Sadat City University, Sadat, Egypt. 2 Soil, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Cairo, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to estimate the effects of the accumulation of harmful heavy metals in the irrigation water resulting from the proximity of the various activities of various water: sewage, artesian wells and industrial activities, particularly Borg El Arab Industrial area and take Nile water l Control (Bahig canal). The concentrations of these heavy metals in samples drawn from different distances from the source of irrigation in summer 2011 that contain the highest concentrations, followed by the winter of 2012. These results have shown that the amount of heavy metals in the samples at a distance of 50 meters is more than quantity of 5000 m by a 30 to 35 twice in water for irrigation, also the amount of heavy metals in the samples at a distance of 50 meters has values less than the permissible limits and disappeares completely at a distance of 5000 meters and that for different sources.
The aim of this study is to estimate the effects of the accumulation of harmful heavy metals in the irrigation water resulting from the proximity of the various activities of various water: sewage, artesian wells and industrial activities, particularly Borg El Arab Industrial area and take Nile water l Control (Bahig canal). The concentrations of these heavy metals in samples drawn from different distances from the source of irrigation in summer 2011 that contain the highest concentrations, followed by the winter of 2012. These results have shown that the amount of heavy metals in the samples at a distance of 50 meters is more than quantity of 5000 m by a 30 to 35 twice in water for irrigation, also the amount of heavy metals in the samples at a distance of 50 meters has values less than the permissible limits and disappeares completely at a distance of 5000 meters and that for different sources.
Cite this paper
Fattah, M. and Abdelrazek, S. (2014) The Improvement of the Quality of Irrigation Water Contaminated with Heavy Metals in the Borg El Arab, Egypt. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6, 1703-1715. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2014.618153.
Fattah, M. and Abdelrazek, S. (2014) The Improvement of the Quality of Irrigation Water Contaminated with Heavy Metals in the Borg El Arab, Egypt. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6, 1703-1715. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2014.618153.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-9050-3 [27] Richards, R.L., Ed. (1954) Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Agriculture Hand Book No. 60, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC. [28] Saleh, A., Al-Ruwih, F. and Shehata, M. (1999) Hydrogeochemical Processes Operating within the Main Aquifers of Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environments, 42, 195-209.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1999.0511 [29] Collins, R. and Jenkins, A. (1996) The Impact of Agricultural Land Use on Stream Chemistry in the Middle Hills of the Himalayas, Nepal. Journal of Hydrology, 185, 71-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)03008-5 [30] Scott, C.A., Faruqui, N.I. and Raschid-Sally, L. (2004) Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851998237.0000 [31] Seckler, D., Amarasinghe, U., Molden, D., de Silva, R. and Barker, R. (1998) World Water Demand and Supply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and Issues. Research Report 19. International Water Management Institute, Colombo.
[1] Berrow, M.L and Reeves, G.A. (1984) Background Levels of Trace Elements in Soil and Water. International Conference, London. [2] CAST (Council for Agricultural and Technology) (1976) Application of Sewage Sludge to Cropland; Appraisal of Potential Hazards of the Heavy Metals to Plants and Animals. Report No. 64. Coun. For Agric. Sci. and Tech., Ames, Iowa, 63 p. [3] Belkhiri, L., Boudoukha, A., Mouni, L. and Baouz, T. (2010) Application of Multivariate Statistical Methods and Inverse Geochemical Modeling for Characterization of Groundwater—A Case Study: Ain Azel Plain (Algeria). Geoderma, 159, 390-398.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.08.016 [4] Abdel-Tawab, M.M. (1985) Soil Pollution as Effected by Some Industrial Waste at Helwan. El-Saff area. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza. [5] APHA (American Public Health Association) (1992) Stander Methods of Examination of Water and Waste Water. 18th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC. [6] Jackson, M.L. (1973) Soil Chemical Analysis. Advanced Course Ed. 2. A Manual of Methods Useful for Instruction and Research in Soil Chemistry, Physical Chemistry of Soils, Soil Fertility and Genesis Revised from Original Edition of 1965. [7] Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney (1982) Method of Soil Analysis. Part 2, ASA, SSSA, Madison. [8] Mitchell, R. (1972) Water Pollution Microbiology. Wiley-Interscience, New York. [9] Geradi, M.H. (1982) BOD Analysis: A Brief Review. Water Poll Control Association, PA Mag, 12. [10] Sawyer, C.N. and McCarty, P.L. (1967) Chemistry for Sanitary Engineers. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. [11] Holden, W.S. (1970) Water Treatment and Examination. Churchill, London. [12] Piper, A.M. (1953) A Graphic Procedure in the Geochemical Interpretation of Water Analyses. Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 25, 914-928. [13] Shalaby, M.H., Gobran, O.A. and Raslan, M.I. (1996) Chemical Properties of Soils as Affected by Pollution of Different Wastes. Egyptian Journal of Soil Science, 36, 23. [14] FAO (1985) Water Quality for Agriculture, Irrigation Drainage. FAO, Roma. [15] Eissa, A.M. and El-Kassas, H.I. (1999) Impact of Heavy Metals on Soil, Plant and Water at Abou-Zaable Area. Egyptian Journal of Soil Science, 9, 351. [16] Ahmed, S.M. (2001) Phytoremidiation of Some Contaminated Water with Heavy Metals in the Kafer El-Dawar Industrial Area. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria. [17] Abou El-Naga, S.A., El-Shinnawi, M.S., El-Swaby, M.S. and Salem, A.A. (1996) Changes in Elemental Constituents of Soil and Plants under Irrigation with Wastewater. Menofiya Journal of Agricultural Research, 21, 1575. [18] Ramadan, M.A. (1995) Studied on the Pollution of Agricultural Environment in Egypt. Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo. [19] Peeezzarossa, B., Lubranal, Petruzzelli, G. and Toognoni (1991) The Effect of Cd Contents on Tomato Plants. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 57, 589. [20] Peeezzarossa, B., Petruzzelli, G., Matorgio, F. and Tognoni (1993) Effect of Reported Phosphate Fertilization on Heavy Metals Accumulation in Soil and Plants under Protected Cultivation. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 24, 8. [21] El-Sebaey, M.M. (1995) Studied on Chemical Pollution of Deferent Waters with Some Heavy Metals in Fayoum Governorate. Master’s Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Zagazig University, Zagazig. [22] Omran, M.S., Fayiad, M.N. and El-Shikha, S.H. (1996) Effect of Industrial Activities on Pollution of Egyptian Soils. Proceeding of 6th International Conference on “Environmental Protection Is a Must”, Alexandria, 21-23 May 1996, 658-671. [23] USDA (1997) Development of Phosphate Resource. In: Final Environmental Impact Statement, S.E. Ldohoi, 40 p. [24] WHO (2006) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. Recommendations, Volume 1, 3rd Edition, World Health Organization, Geneva. [25] Wicklander, L. (1964) Chapter 4: Cation and Anion Phenomena. In: Bear, F.E., Ed., Chemistry of the Soil, Reinhold Publishing Co. PVT. LTD., New Delhi, 163-205. [26] Singh, S. and Kumar, M. (2006) Heavy Metal Load of Soil, Water and Vegetables in Peri-Urban Delhi. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 120, 79-91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-005-9050-3 [27] Richards, R.L., Ed. (1954) Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Agriculture Hand Book No. 60, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC. [28] Saleh, A., Al-Ruwih, F. and Shehata, M. (1999) Hydrogeochemical Processes Operating within the Main Aquifers of Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environments, 42, 195-209.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jare.1999.0511 [29] Collins, R. and Jenkins, A. (1996) The Impact of Agricultural Land Use on Stream Chemistry in the Middle Hills of the Himalayas, Nepal. Journal of Hydrology, 185, 71-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(95)03008-5 [30] Scott, C.A., Faruqui, N.I. and Raschid-Sally, L. (2004) Wastewater Use in Irrigated Agriculture: Confronting the Livelihood and Environmental Realities. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9780851998237.0000 [31] Seckler, D., Amarasinghe, U., Molden, D., de Silva, R. and Barker, R. (1998) World Water Demand and Supply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and Issues. Research Report 19. International Water Management Institute, Colombo.