Influence of Geological Factor on Indoor Radon Concentrations in Dwelling of Querétaro, México
Author(s)
Rocio García Martínez1*,
Anatoliy Kotsarenko2,
Roman Pérez Enriquez3,
Jose Antonio López Cruz Abeyro3,
Svetlana Koshevaya4,
Jesús Efrén Ospina Noreña5
Affiliation(s)
1 Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, México. 2 Universidad Autónoma del Carmen (UNACAR), Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciudad del Carmen, México. 3 Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México. 4 CIICAp, Autonomous University of State Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca, México. 5 Programa de Investigación de Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, México.
1 Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, México. 2 Universidad Autónoma del Carmen (UNACAR), Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciudad del Carmen, México. 3 Centro de Geociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México. 4 CIICAp, Autonomous University of State Morelos (UAEM), Cuernavaca, México. 5 Programa de Investigación de Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, México City, México.
ABSTRACT
In this study, radon-222 concentrations were measured within 34 houses distributed in the northern, southern, and central areas of the city of Querétaro in 2007. The objective of this study was to establish the spatial distribution of radon with respect to geological faults and its relation to certain environmental variables. For each sampling site, the radon-222 concentration was analyzed as a function of various climate variables, relative humidity, temperature, and atmospheric pressure, in addition to the ventilation of the house and distance of each site from any geological faults in the area. A multivariate statistical technique was used to analyze these variables based on two components. For component 1, the relative humidity and temperature had the greatest weight, 0.677 and 0.492, respectively, while for component 2, the greatest weights corresponded to radon and the temperature with 0.693 and 0.609, respectively. The average radon concentration across the entire sampling period was 38.92 Bq/m3, the minimum detected value was 6.01 Bq/m3 for site 91GAG0607, and the maximum detected value was 225.95 Bq/m3 for site 91CAM20907. This last value is outside the standards permitted by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United Stated, which is 148 Bq/m3 for indoor environments. With respect to geological faults and their relationship to radon-222, the concentrations for the sampling sites had no relationship to the closeness or distance to these faults.
In this study, radon-222 concentrations were measured within 34 houses distributed in the northern, southern, and central areas of the city of Querétaro in 2007. The objective of this study was to establish the spatial distribution of radon with respect to geological faults and its relation to certain environmental variables. For each sampling site, the radon-222 concentration was analyzed as a function of various climate variables, relative humidity, temperature, and atmospheric pressure, in addition to the ventilation of the house and distance of each site from any geological faults in the area. A multivariate statistical technique was used to analyze these variables based on two components. For component 1, the relative humidity and temperature had the greatest weight, 0.677 and 0.492, respectively, while for component 2, the greatest weights corresponded to radon and the temperature with 0.693 and 0.609, respectively. The average radon concentration across the entire sampling period was 38.92 Bq/m3, the minimum detected value was 6.01 Bq/m3 for site 91GAG0607, and the maximum detected value was 225.95 Bq/m3 for site 91CAM20907. This last value is outside the standards permitted by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United Stated, which is 148 Bq/m3 for indoor environments. With respect to geological faults and their relationship to radon-222, the concentrations for the sampling sites had no relationship to the closeness or distance to these faults.
Cite this paper
Martínez, R. , Kotsarenko, A. , Enriquez, R. , Abeyro, J. , Koshevaya, S. and Noreña, J. (2014) Influence of Geological Factor on Indoor Radon Concentrations in Dwelling of Querétaro, México. Open Journal of Geology, 4, 627-635. doi: 10.4236/ojg.2014.412047.
Martínez, R. , Kotsarenko, A. , Enriquez, R. , Abeyro, J. , Koshevaya, S. and Noreña, J. (2014) Influence of Geological Factor on Indoor Radon Concentrations in Dwelling of Querétaro, México. Open Journal of Geology, 4, 627-635. doi: 10.4236/ojg.2014.412047.
References
[1] Canoba, A., López, F.O., Arnaud, M.I., Oliveira, A.A., Neman, R.S., Hadler, J.C., Iounes, P.J., Paulo, S.R., Osorio, A.M., Aparicio, R., Rodríguez, C., Moreno, V.,Vasquez, R., Espinosa, G., Golzarri, J.I., Martínez, T., Navarrete, M., Cabrera, I., Segovia, N., Pe?a, P., Taméz, E., Pereyra, P., López-Herrera, M.E. and Sajo-Bohus, L. (2002) Indoor Radon Measurements in Six Latin American Countries, 2002. Geofisica Internacional, 41, 453-457. [2] Cothern, C.R. and Smith Jr., J.E. (1987) Environmental Radon. Springer, New York. [3] Aguirre-Díaz, G.J., Zú?iga Dávila Madrid, R., Pacheco Alvarado, F.J., Guzmán Speziale, M. and Nieto Obregón, J. (2000) El graben de Querétaro, Querétaro, México. Observaciones de fallamiento activo. Geos, boletín de la Unión Geofísica Mexicana, 20, 2-7. [4] Aguirre-Díaz, G.J. and López-Martínez, M. (2001) The Amazcala Caldera, Querétaro, Central Mexican Volcanic Belt, México. Geology and Geochronology. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 111, 203-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00227-X [5] Alaniz-álvarez, S.A., Nieto-Samaniego, A.F., Orozco-Esquivel, M.T., Vasallo-Morales, L.F. and Xu, S.S. (2002) El sistema de fallas Taxco-San Miguel de Allende; implicaciones en la deformación post-eocénica del centro de México. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 55, 12-29. [6] Godínez, R. and Juandiego, J. (2000) Normatividad Federal y Programas sectoriales aplicables al Ordenamiento Ecológico General del Territorio. Primer Congreso Nacional de Ordenamiento del Territorio, Guadalajara (México), 2000, 369-386. [7] Shrestha, S. and Kazama, F. (2007) Assessment of Surface Water Quality Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques: A Case Study of the Fuji River Basin, Japan. Environmental Modelling & Software, 22, 464-475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.02.001 [8] Helena, B., Pardo, R., Vega, M., Barrado, E., Fernández, J.M. and Fernández, L. (2000) Temporal Evolution of Groundwater Composition in an Alluvial Aquifer (Pisuerga River, Spain) by Principal Component Analysis. Water Research, 34, 807-816.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00225-0 [9] Espinosa, G. and Gammage, R.B. (1998) Indoor Radon Concentration Survey in Mexico. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 236, 227-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386347 [10] Espinosa, G. and Gammage, R.B. (1999) Radon Distribution inside Dwellings in Mexico. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 85, 325-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032863 [11] Espinosa, G., Golzarri, J.I. Rickards, R. and Gammage, R.B. (1999) Distribution of Indoor Radon Levels in Mexico. Radiation Measurements, 31, 355-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(99)00171-7
[1] Canoba, A., López, F.O., Arnaud, M.I., Oliveira, A.A., Neman, R.S., Hadler, J.C., Iounes, P.J., Paulo, S.R., Osorio, A.M., Aparicio, R., Rodríguez, C., Moreno, V.,Vasquez, R., Espinosa, G., Golzarri, J.I., Martínez, T., Navarrete, M., Cabrera, I., Segovia, N., Pe?a, P., Taméz, E., Pereyra, P., López-Herrera, M.E. and Sajo-Bohus, L. (2002) Indoor Radon Measurements in Six Latin American Countries, 2002. Geofisica Internacional, 41, 453-457. [2] Cothern, C.R. and Smith Jr., J.E. (1987) Environmental Radon. Springer, New York. [3] Aguirre-Díaz, G.J., Zú?iga Dávila Madrid, R., Pacheco Alvarado, F.J., Guzmán Speziale, M. and Nieto Obregón, J. (2000) El graben de Querétaro, Querétaro, México. Observaciones de fallamiento activo. Geos, boletín de la Unión Geofísica Mexicana, 20, 2-7. [4] Aguirre-Díaz, G.J. and López-Martínez, M. (2001) The Amazcala Caldera, Querétaro, Central Mexican Volcanic Belt, México. Geology and Geochronology. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 111, 203-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00227-X [5] Alaniz-álvarez, S.A., Nieto-Samaniego, A.F., Orozco-Esquivel, M.T., Vasallo-Morales, L.F. and Xu, S.S. (2002) El sistema de fallas Taxco-San Miguel de Allende; implicaciones en la deformación post-eocénica del centro de México. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 55, 12-29. [6] Godínez, R. and Juandiego, J. (2000) Normatividad Federal y Programas sectoriales aplicables al Ordenamiento Ecológico General del Territorio. Primer Congreso Nacional de Ordenamiento del Territorio, Guadalajara (México), 2000, 369-386. [7] Shrestha, S. and Kazama, F. (2007) Assessment of Surface Water Quality Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques: A Case Study of the Fuji River Basin, Japan. Environmental Modelling & Software, 22, 464-475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.02.001 [8] Helena, B., Pardo, R., Vega, M., Barrado, E., Fernández, J.M. and Fernández, L. (2000) Temporal Evolution of Groundwater Composition in an Alluvial Aquifer (Pisuerga River, Spain) by Principal Component Analysis. Water Research, 34, 807-816.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00225-0 [9] Espinosa, G. and Gammage, R.B. (1998) Indoor Radon Concentration Survey in Mexico. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 236, 227-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02386347 [10] Espinosa, G. and Gammage, R.B. (1999) Radon Distribution inside Dwellings in Mexico. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 85, 325-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032863 [11] Espinosa, G., Golzarri, J.I. Rickards, R. and Gammage, R.B. (1999) Distribution of Indoor Radon Levels in Mexico. Radiation Measurements, 31, 355-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(99)00171-7