Technology Transferring Performance of Chinese Universities: Insights from Patent Licensing Data
ABSTRACT
This paper had collected the patent licensing documents of all Chinese universities and made a comprehensive study on licensing performance. With a whole set of data from SIPO, the exact licensing frequency number and licensing propensity number of Chinese universities had been obtained for the first time. On average, 16.03 patents (6%) per university had been licensed out to the industry, which is much lower than expectations. The frequency of licensing, propensity of licensing, number of partners (licensees), number of patent stocks, local-transfer ratio and the distribution of licensing frequency in terms of university-firm distance had been obtained in details. Five hypotheses had been made to discover the variances in university licensing performance. With the ANOVA technique, five hypotheses had been confirmed within the dataset, which had revealed a significant effect of patent stocks, local economic performance, central government support, existence of TTO and local government administration on university licensing performance.
This paper had collected the patent licensing documents of all Chinese universities and made a comprehensive study on licensing performance. With a whole set of data from SIPO, the exact licensing frequency number and licensing propensity number of Chinese universities had been obtained for the first time. On average, 16.03 patents (6%) per university had been licensed out to the industry, which is much lower than expectations. The frequency of licensing, propensity of licensing, number of partners (licensees), number of patent stocks, local-transfer ratio and the distribution of licensing frequency in terms of university-firm distance had been obtained in details. Five hypotheses had been made to discover the variances in university licensing performance. With the ANOVA technique, five hypotheses had been confirmed within the dataset, which had revealed a significant effect of patent stocks, local economic performance, central government support, existence of TTO and local government administration on university licensing performance.
Cite this paper
Gao, X. , Song, W. , Peng, X. and Song, X. (2014) Technology Transferring Performance of Chinese Universities: Insights from Patent Licensing Data. Advances in Applied Sociology, 4, 289-300. doi: 10.4236/aasoci.2014.412032.
Gao, X. , Song, W. , Peng, X. and Song, X. (2014) Technology Transferring Performance of Chinese Universities: Insights from Patent Licensing Data. Advances in Applied Sociology, 4, 289-300. doi: 10.4236/aasoci.2014.412032.
References
[1] Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Solazzi, M. (2012). A bibliometric Tool to Assess the Regional Dimension of University-Industry Research Collaborations. Scientometrics, 91, 955-975.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0577-5 [2] Agrawal, A. (2000). Importing Scientific Inventions: Direct Interaction, Geography, and Economic Performance. University of British Columbia Mimeo, Doctoral Thesis, University of British Columbia. [3] Agrawal, A. (2001). University-to-Industry Knowledge Transfer: Literature Review and Unanswered Questions. International Journal of Management Reviews, 3, 285-302.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00069 [4] Baldini, N. (2006). University Patenting and Licensing Activity: A Review of the Literature. Research Evaluation, 15, 197-207.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/147154406781775878 [5] Bozeman, B. (2000). Technology Transfer and Public Policy: A Review of Research and Theory. Research Policy, 29, 627-655.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00093-1 [6] Cohen, J. (1973). Eta-Squared and Partial Eta-Squared in Fixed Factor ANOVA Designs. Educational and Psychological Measurement.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001316447303300111 [7] Cohen, W. M., Nelson, R. R., & Walsh, J. P. (2002). Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D. Management Science, 48, 1-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.1.14273 [8] Colyvas, J., Crow, M., Gelijns, A., Mazzoleni, R., Nelson, R. R., Rosenberg, N., & Sampat, B. N. (2002). HOW do University Inventions Get into Practice? Management Science, 48, 61-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.61.14272 [9] Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations. Research Policy, 29, 109-123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4 [10] Gao, X., Guo, X., & Guan, J. C. (2014). An Analysis of the Patenting Activities and Collaboration among Industry-University-Research Institutes in the Chinese ICT Sector. Scientometrics, 98, 247-263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-013-1048-y [11] Hong, W. (2008). Decline of the Center: The Decentralizing Process of Knowledge Transfer of Chinese Universities from 1985 to 2004. Research Policy, 37, 580-595.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.12.008 [12] Kachra, A., & White, R. E. (2008). Know-How Transfer: The Role of Social, Economic/Competitive, and Firm Boundary Factors. Strategic Management Journal, 29, 425-445.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.668 [13] Lee, Y. G. (2008). Patent Licensability and Life: A Study of US Patents Registered by South Korean Public Research Institutes. Scientometrics, 75, 463-471.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-1879-5 [14] Lei, X. P., Zhao, Z. Y., Zhang, X., Chen, D. Z., Huang, M. H., & Zhao, Y. H. (2012). The Inventive Activities and Collaboration Pattern of University-Industry-Government in China Based on Patent Analysis. Scientometrics, 90, 231-251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0510-y [15] Li-Ying, J., Wang, Y. D., Salomo, S., & Vanhaverbeke, W. (2013). Have Chinese Firms Learned from Their Prior Technology In-Licensing? An Analysis Based on Patent Citations. Scientometrics, 95, 183-195.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0802-x [16] Luan, C. J., Zhou, C. Y., & Liu, A. Y. (2010). Patent Strategy in Chinese Universities: A Comparative Perspective. Scientometrics, 84, 53-63.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0194-8 [17] Macho-Stadler, I., Perez-Castrillo, D., & Veugelers, R. (2007). Licensing of University Inventions: The Role of a Technology Transfer Office. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 25, 483-510.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2006.06.001 [18] Mowery, D. C., Nelson, R. R., Sampat, B. N., & Ziedonis, A. A. (2001). The Growth of Patenting and Licensing by US Universities: An Assessment of the Effects of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980. Research Policy, 30, 99-119.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00100-6 [19] Mowery, D. C., & Ziedonis, A. A. (2002). Academic Patent Quality and Quantity before and after the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States. Research Policy, 31, 399-418.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00116-0 [20] Shane, S. (2002). Selling University Technology: Patterns from MIT. Management Science, 48, 122-137.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.122.14281 [21] Shane, S., & Somaya, D. (2007). The Effects of Patent Litigation on University Licensing Efforts. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 63, 739-755.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2006.05.012 [22] Thursby, J. G., & Kemp, S. (2002). Growth and Productive Efficiency of University Intellectual Property Licensing. Research Policy, 31, 109-124.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00160-8 [23] Thursby, J. G., & Thursby, M. C. (2002). Who Is Selling the Ivory Tower? Sources of Growth in University Licensing. Management Science, 48, 90-104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.90.14271 [24] Wang, Y. D., Huang, J. S., Chen, Y. T., Pan, X. F., & Chen, J. (2013). Have Chinese Universities Embraced Their Third Mission? New Insight from a Business Perspective. Scientometrics, 97, 207-222.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-013-1055-z [25] Wu, W., & Zhou, Y. (2012). The Third Mission Stalled? Universities in China’s Technological Progress. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 37, 812-827.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10961-011-9233-8
[1] Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Solazzi, M. (2012). A bibliometric Tool to Assess the Regional Dimension of University-Industry Research Collaborations. Scientometrics, 91, 955-975.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0577-5 [2] Agrawal, A. (2000). Importing Scientific Inventions: Direct Interaction, Geography, and Economic Performance. University of British Columbia Mimeo, Doctoral Thesis, University of British Columbia. [3] Agrawal, A. (2001). University-to-Industry Knowledge Transfer: Literature Review and Unanswered Questions. International Journal of Management Reviews, 3, 285-302.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2370.00069 [4] Baldini, N. (2006). University Patenting and Licensing Activity: A Review of the Literature. Research Evaluation, 15, 197-207.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3152/147154406781775878 [5] Bozeman, B. (2000). Technology Transfer and Public Policy: A Review of Research and Theory. Research Policy, 29, 627-655.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00093-1 [6] Cohen, J. (1973). Eta-Squared and Partial Eta-Squared in Fixed Factor ANOVA Designs. Educational and Psychological Measurement.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001316447303300111 [7] Cohen, W. M., Nelson, R. R., & Walsh, J. P. (2002). Links and Impacts: The Influence of Public Research on Industrial R&D. Management Science, 48, 1-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.1.14273 [8] Colyvas, J., Crow, M., Gelijns, A., Mazzoleni, R., Nelson, R. R., Rosenberg, N., & Sampat, B. N. (2002). HOW do University Inventions Get into Practice? Management Science, 48, 61-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.61.14272 [9] Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations. Research Policy, 29, 109-123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4 [10] Gao, X., Guo, X., & Guan, J. C. (2014). An Analysis of the Patenting Activities and Collaboration among Industry-University-Research Institutes in the Chinese ICT Sector. Scientometrics, 98, 247-263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-013-1048-y [11] Hong, W. (2008). Decline of the Center: The Decentralizing Process of Knowledge Transfer of Chinese Universities from 1985 to 2004. Research Policy, 37, 580-595.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2007.12.008 [12] Kachra, A., & White, R. E. (2008). Know-How Transfer: The Role of Social, Economic/Competitive, and Firm Boundary Factors. Strategic Management Journal, 29, 425-445.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.668 [13] Lee, Y. G. (2008). Patent Licensability and Life: A Study of US Patents Registered by South Korean Public Research Institutes. Scientometrics, 75, 463-471.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-1879-5 [14] Lei, X. P., Zhao, Z. Y., Zhang, X., Chen, D. Z., Huang, M. H., & Zhao, Y. H. (2012). The Inventive Activities and Collaboration Pattern of University-Industry-Government in China Based on Patent Analysis. Scientometrics, 90, 231-251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-011-0510-y [15] Li-Ying, J., Wang, Y. D., Salomo, S., & Vanhaverbeke, W. (2013). Have Chinese Firms Learned from Their Prior Technology In-Licensing? An Analysis Based on Patent Citations. Scientometrics, 95, 183-195.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-012-0802-x [16] Luan, C. J., Zhou, C. Y., & Liu, A. Y. (2010). Patent Strategy in Chinese Universities: A Comparative Perspective. Scientometrics, 84, 53-63.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0194-8 [17] Macho-Stadler, I., Perez-Castrillo, D., & Veugelers, R. (2007). Licensing of University Inventions: The Role of a Technology Transfer Office. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 25, 483-510.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2006.06.001 [18] Mowery, D. C., Nelson, R. R., Sampat, B. N., & Ziedonis, A. A. (2001). The Growth of Patenting and Licensing by US Universities: An Assessment of the Effects of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980. Research Policy, 30, 99-119.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00100-6 [19] Mowery, D. C., & Ziedonis, A. A. (2002). Academic Patent Quality and Quantity before and after the Bayh-Dole Act in the United States. Research Policy, 31, 399-418.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00116-0 [20] Shane, S. (2002). Selling University Technology: Patterns from MIT. Management Science, 48, 122-137.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.122.14281 [21] Shane, S., & Somaya, D. (2007). The Effects of Patent Litigation on University Licensing Efforts. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 63, 739-755.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2006.05.012 [22] Thursby, J. G., & Kemp, S. (2002). Growth and Productive Efficiency of University Intellectual Property Licensing. Research Policy, 31, 109-124.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00160-8 [23] Thursby, J. G., & Thursby, M. C. (2002). Who Is Selling the Ivory Tower? Sources of Growth in University Licensing. Management Science, 48, 90-104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.48.1.90.14271 [24] Wang, Y. D., Huang, J. S., Chen, Y. T., Pan, X. F., & Chen, J. (2013). Have Chinese Universities Embraced Their Third Mission? New Insight from a Business Perspective. Scientometrics, 97, 207-222.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11192-013-1055-z [25] Wu, W., & Zhou, Y. (2012). The Third Mission Stalled? Universities in China’s Technological Progress. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 37, 812-827.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10961-011-9233-8