Physical Analysis of Hail Fall Risk in Iran and the Consequent Damages on Agricultural Crops
Author(s)
Javad Bodagh Jamli1*
Affiliation(s)
1 Faculty Member of University of Environment, Karaj, Iran. 2 Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center (ASMERC), Tehran, Iran.
1 Faculty Member of University of Environment, Karaj, Iran. 2 Atmospheric Science and Meteorological Research Center (ASMERC), Tehran, Iran.
ABSTRACT
Hail is a meteorological phenomenon that directly concerns to agricultural sector in Iran. Hailstorms affect crop yield that depends on the crop species and the phonological time. In this investigation, climatological study of hail fall has been performed through the available dataset in 118 synoptic stations across the country during a period of 20 years (1985-2004) and hail event map was drawn. After analyzing the data and considering the produced maps, regarding the number of hail occurrence in the country, the following provinces respectively illustrate the highest annual mean of hail fall; Chaharmahal-e-bakhtiari, Ilam, Tehran and Kurdistan (about 4 times/yearly). In the next step, using the statistics of the agricultural insurance affairs during 1995-2005, cultivation areas damaged by hail fall in the farms of agricultural strategic products including; irrigated and rain fed wheat, grain, rice, cotton, sugar beet and potato have been studied, and then the classified maps of hail damage have been plotted for each province and crop. The produced maps indicate that most of the damaged area by hail fall has been related to irrigated wheat crop, with an annual average of 12690.8 hectares in the whole country, then the damaged crops were ordered respectively as following: rain fed wheat, sugar beet, potato, grain, cotton and rice.
Hail is a meteorological phenomenon that directly concerns to agricultural sector in Iran. Hailstorms affect crop yield that depends on the crop species and the phonological time. In this investigation, climatological study of hail fall has been performed through the available dataset in 118 synoptic stations across the country during a period of 20 years (1985-2004) and hail event map was drawn. After analyzing the data and considering the produced maps, regarding the number of hail occurrence in the country, the following provinces respectively illustrate the highest annual mean of hail fall; Chaharmahal-e-bakhtiari, Ilam, Tehran and Kurdistan (about 4 times/yearly). In the next step, using the statistics of the agricultural insurance affairs during 1995-2005, cultivation areas damaged by hail fall in the farms of agricultural strategic products including; irrigated and rain fed wheat, grain, rice, cotton, sugar beet and potato have been studied, and then the classified maps of hail damage have been plotted for each province and crop. The produced maps indicate that most of the damaged area by hail fall has been related to irrigated wheat crop, with an annual average of 12690.8 hectares in the whole country, then the damaged crops were ordered respectively as following: rain fed wheat, sugar beet, potato, grain, cotton and rice.
Cite this paper
Jamli, J. (2014) Physical Analysis of Hail Fall Risk in Iran and the Consequent Damages on Agricultural Crops. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 4, 919-930. doi: 10.4236/acs.2014.45081.
Jamli, J. (2014) Physical Analysis of Hail Fall Risk in Iran and the Consequent Damages on Agricultural Crops. Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 4, 919-930. doi: 10.4236/acs.2014.45081.
References
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[1] Tabary, P., Berthet, C., Dupuy, P., Figueras, J., Fradon, B., Georgis, J.F., Hogan, R., Kabeche, F. and Wasselin, J.P. (2010) Hail Detection and Quantification with C-Band Polarimetric Radars: Results from a Two-Year Objective Comparison against Hailpads in the South of France. 6th European Conference on Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology: Adv. in Radar Technology, Sibiu, 6-10 September 2010. [2] Dessens, J. (1995) Severe Convective Weather in the Context of a Night Time Global Warming. Geophysical Research Letters, 22, 1241-1244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95GL00952 [3] Johns, R.H. and Doswell III, C.A. (1992) Severe Local Storms Forecasting. Weather Forecast, 7, 588-612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1992)007<0588:SLSF>2.0.CO;2 [4] Simeonov, P. and Giorgiev, C.G. (2003) Severe Wind/Hail Storms over Bulgaria in 1999-2001 Period: Synopticand Meso-Scale Factors for Generation. Atmospheric Research, 67-68, 629-643.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00077-2 [5] López, L., García-Ortega, E. and Sánchez, J.L. (2007) A Short Term Forecast Model for Hail. Atmospheric Research, 83, 176-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.10.014 [6] García-Ortega, E., Fita, L., Romero, R., López, L., Ramis, C. and Sánchez, J.L. (2007) Numerical Simulation and Sensitivity Study of a Severe Hailstorm in Northeast Spain. Atmospheric Research, 83, 225-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2005.08.004 [7] Eccel, E., Cau, P., Riemann-Campe, K. and Biasioli, F. (2010) Quantitative Hail Monitoring in an Alpine Area: 35Year Climatology and Links with Atmospheric Variables. International Journal of Climatology, 32, 503-517.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.2291 [8] Saa Requejo, A., García Moreno, R., Díaz Alvarez, M.C., Burgaz, F. and Tarquis, M. (2011) Analysis of Hail Damages and Temperature Series for Peninsular Spain. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11, 3415-3422.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-3415-2011 [9] Lynn, B.H., Druyan, L., Hogrefe, C., Dudhia, J., Rosenzweig, C., Goldberg, R., Rind, D., Healy, R., Rosenthal, J. and Kinney, P. (2004) Sensitivity of Present and Future Surface Temperatures to Precipitation Characteristics. Climatic Change, 28, 53-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/cr028053 [10] Changnon, D. and Bigley, R. (2005) Fluctuations in US Freezing Rain Days. Climatic Change, 69, 229-244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-3585-8 [11] Greene, D.R. and Clark, R.A. (1972) Vertically Integrated Liquid Water—A New Analysis Tool. Monthly Weather Review, 100, 548-552.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0548:VILWNA>2.3.CO;2 [12] Edwards, R. and Thompson, R.L. (1998) Nationwide Comparisons of Hail Size with WSR-88D Vertically Integrated Liquid Water and Derived Thermodynamic Sounding Data. Weather and Forecasting, 13, 277-285.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0277:NCOHSW>2.0.CO;2 [13] McMaster, H.J. (1999) The Potential Impact of Global Warming on Hail Losses to Winter Cereal Crops in New Southwales. Climatic Change, 43, 455-476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005475717321 [14] Mills, E. (2005) Insurance in a Climate of Change. Science, 5737, 1040-1044.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1112121 [15] Mills, E., Lecomte, E. and Peara, A. (2002) Insurance in the Greenhouse. Journal of Insurance Regulation, 21, 43-78.