Effect of Humic Acid, Mycorrhiza Inoculation, and Biochar on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Flax under Newly Reclaimed Sandy Soil
Author(s)
Bakry Ahmed Bakry1*,
Omar Maghawry Ibrahim2,
Abdelraouf Ramadan Eid3,
Elham Abdelmoneim Badr1
Affiliation(s)
1 Field Crops Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt. 2 Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab, Egypt. 3 Water Relations and Field Irrigation Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
1 Field Crops Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt. 2 Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab, Egypt. 3 Water Relations and Field Irrigation Department, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
In order to examine the application of different soil and foliar organic fertilizers as well as biofertilizing flax under sandy soil conditions, two field experiments were carried out at the Research and Production Station of the National Research Centre (NRC), Al Nubaria district, El-Behaira Governorate, Egypt during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 winter seasons. The trials aimed to study the effect of humic acid (HA) as low cost natural fertilizer, inoculation with mycorrhiza, and biocharcoal on on yield, quality and water use efficiency of flax variety (Amon) under newly reclaimed sandy soil. The treatments consisted of HA (25 kg/feddan), inoculation with mycorrhiza (1 kg/ feddan), and biochar (4 tons/feddan) and all the combinations among the treatments. Results showed that the treatment combination of (humic acid + mycorrhiza + biochar) was significantly superior compared to all the other treatments in number of capsules/plant, biological yield/plant (g), seed yield/plant (g), seed yield (kg/feddan), straw yield (tons/feddan), oil percent (%), and oil yield (kg/feddan). However, it gave the highest fruiting zone length (cm) but not significantly different from (mycorrhiza + biochar) and (humic acid + biochar), also it gave the highest seed index (g) but not significantly different from humic acid and (humic acid + mycorrhiza). The treatment combination of (humic acid + biochar) gave the highest plant height (cm), technical stem length (cm), and number of branches/plant.
In order to examine the application of different soil and foliar organic fertilizers as well as biofertilizing flax under sandy soil conditions, two field experiments were carried out at the Research and Production Station of the National Research Centre (NRC), Al Nubaria district, El-Behaira Governorate, Egypt during 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 winter seasons. The trials aimed to study the effect of humic acid (HA) as low cost natural fertilizer, inoculation with mycorrhiza, and biocharcoal on on yield, quality and water use efficiency of flax variety (Amon) under newly reclaimed sandy soil. The treatments consisted of HA (25 kg/feddan), inoculation with mycorrhiza (1 kg/ feddan), and biochar (4 tons/feddan) and all the combinations among the treatments. Results showed that the treatment combination of (humic acid + mycorrhiza + biochar) was significantly superior compared to all the other treatments in number of capsules/plant, biological yield/plant (g), seed yield/plant (g), seed yield (kg/feddan), straw yield (tons/feddan), oil percent (%), and oil yield (kg/feddan). However, it gave the highest fruiting zone length (cm) but not significantly different from (mycorrhiza + biochar) and (humic acid + biochar), also it gave the highest seed index (g) but not significantly different from humic acid and (humic acid + mycorrhiza). The treatment combination of (humic acid + biochar) gave the highest plant height (cm), technical stem length (cm), and number of branches/plant.
Cite this paper
Bakry, A. B. , Ibrahim, O. , Eid, A. and Badr, E. (2014) Effect of Humic Acid, Mycorrhiza Inoculation, and Biochar on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Flax under Newly Reclaimed Sandy Soil. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 1427-1432. doi: 10.4236/as.2014.514153.
Bakry, A. B. , Ibrahim, O. , Eid, A. and Badr, E. (2014) Effect of Humic Acid, Mycorrhiza Inoculation, and Biochar on Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Flax under Newly Reclaimed Sandy Soil. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 1427-1432. doi: 10.4236/as.2014.514153.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)13[1164:STATCS]2.0.CO;2 [6] Nardi, S.D., Zzeghello, P. and Pandalai, S.G. (2004) Rhizoshere a Communication between Plant and Soil. Recent Research Development in Crop Science, 1, 349-360. [7] Varanimi, Z., Pinton, R., Behnke, H.D., Esser, U., Kadereit, J.W. and Ringe, M. (1995) Humic Substances and Plant Nutrition. Progress in Structural Botany, Physiology, Genetics, and Taxonomy. Geobotany, 56, 97-117. [8] Keeling, A.A., McCallum, K.R. and Bekwith, C.P. (2003) Crop and Environment Research Center, Harper Adans University College, Newport, Shropshire, UK. Bioresource Technology, 90, 127-137. [9] Mikkelson, R.L. (2005) Humic Materials for Agriculture, Davis, California, USA. Better Crops with Plant Food. Better Crops with Plant Food, 89, 6-7. [10] Mouromical, G.M., Angela, G.L. and Monaco, A.L. (2011) The Effect of Organic Supplementation of Solarized Soil on the Quality of Tomato. Scientific Horticulture, 129, 189-196.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.024 [11] Bailis, R., Ezzati, M. and Kammen, D.M. (2005) Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Biomass and Petroleum Energy Futures in Africa. Science, 308, 98-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1106881 [12] Lehmann, J. and Rondon, M. (2005) Biochar Soil Management on Highly-Weathered Soils in the Humid Tropics. In: Uphoff, N., Ed., Biological Approaches to Sustainable Soil Systems, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 517-529. [13] Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties. ASA Inc., SSSA, Inc., Medisio Wiscansin. [14] Stanhill, G. (1986) Water Use Efficiency. Advances in Agronomy, 39, 53-85.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60465-4 [15] Unknown Author (1970) Official Methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 11th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC. [16] Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1982) Statistical Method. 7th Edition, Iowa State University Press, Ames. [17] Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984) Statiscal Procedures for Agriculture Research. 2nd Edition, John Wily and Sons, New York. [18] Nishio, M. and Okano, S. (1991) Stimulation of the Growth of Alfalfa and Infection of Mycorrhizal Fungi by the Application of Charcoal. National Grassland Research Institute, 45, 61-71. [19] Glaser, B., Lehmann, J. and Zech, W. (2002) Ameliorating Physical and Chemical Properties of Highly Weathered Soils in the Tropics with Charcoal: A Review. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35, 219-230.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4 [20] Khalifa, R.K.M., Manal, F.M., Bakry, B.A. and Zeidan, M.S. (2011) Response of Some Flax Varieties to Micronutrients Foliar Application under Newly Reclaimed Sandy Soil. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 5 1328-1334. [21] Ulukan, A. (2008) Humic Acid Application into Field Crops Cultivation. Kahraman Maras Sutra Imen University. Journal of Science, 11, 119-128. [22] Chan, K.Y., Van Zwieten, L., Meszaros, I., Downie, A. and Joseph, S. (2007) Agronomic Values of Greenwaste Biochar as a Soil Amendment. Soil Research, 45, 629-634.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/SR07109 [23] Yamato, M., Okimori, Y., Wibowo, I.F., Anshori, S. and Ogawa, M. (2006) Effects of the Application of Charred Bark of Acacia Mangiumon the Yield of Maize, Cowpea and Peanut, and Soil Chemical Properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 52, 489-495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2006.00065.x [24] Kimetu, J.M., Lehmann, J., Ngoze, S.O., Mugendi, D.N., Kinyangi, J.M., Riha, S., Verchot, L., Recha, J.W. and Pell, A.N. (2008) Reversibility of Soil Productivity Decline with Organic Matter of Differing Quality along a Degradation Gradient. Ecosystems, 11, 726-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9154-z
[1] Zohary, D. and Hopf, M. (2000) Domestication of Plant in the Old World. The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe and Nile Valley. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 316. [2] El-Hariri, D.M., Bakry, A.B., Elewa, T.A. and Ibrahim, O.M. (2012) Evaluation of Some Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) Varieties under the Conditions of Newly Reclaimed Sandy Soils. International Journal of Academic Research, 4, 98-102. [3] Smith, S.E. and Read, D.J. (1997) Mycorrhiza Symbiosis. 2nd Edition, Academic Press, London, 605. [4] Rhodes, L.H. (1980) The Use of Mycorrhiza in Crop Production. System outlook Agric., 10, 275-281. [5] Jansa, J., Mazafar, A., Kuhum, G., Anken, T. and Frossard, E. (2003) Soil Tillage Affect the Community Structure of Mycorrhiza Fungi in Maize Root. Ecological Applications, 13, 1164-1176.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2003)13[1164:STATCS]2.0.CO;2 [6] Nardi, S.D., Zzeghello, P. and Pandalai, S.G. (2004) Rhizoshere a Communication between Plant and Soil. Recent Research Development in Crop Science, 1, 349-360. [7] Varanimi, Z., Pinton, R., Behnke, H.D., Esser, U., Kadereit, J.W. and Ringe, M. (1995) Humic Substances and Plant Nutrition. Progress in Structural Botany, Physiology, Genetics, and Taxonomy. Geobotany, 56, 97-117. [8] Keeling, A.A., McCallum, K.R. and Bekwith, C.P. (2003) Crop and Environment Research Center, Harper Adans University College, Newport, Shropshire, UK. Bioresource Technology, 90, 127-137. [9] Mikkelson, R.L. (2005) Humic Materials for Agriculture, Davis, California, USA. Better Crops with Plant Food. Better Crops with Plant Food, 89, 6-7. [10] Mouromical, G.M., Angela, G.L. and Monaco, A.L. (2011) The Effect of Organic Supplementation of Solarized Soil on the Quality of Tomato. Scientific Horticulture, 129, 189-196.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2011.03.024 [11] Bailis, R., Ezzati, M. and Kammen, D.M. (2005) Mortality and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Biomass and Petroleum Energy Futures in Africa. Science, 308, 98-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1106881 [12] Lehmann, J. and Rondon, M. (2005) Biochar Soil Management on Highly-Weathered Soils in the Humid Tropics. In: Uphoff, N., Ed., Biological Approaches to Sustainable Soil Systems, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 517-529. [13] Page, A.L., Miller, R.H. and Keeney, D.R. (1982) Methods of Soil Analysis: Part 2 Chemical and Microbiological Properties. ASA Inc., SSSA, Inc., Medisio Wiscansin. [14] Stanhill, G. (1986) Water Use Efficiency. Advances in Agronomy, 39, 53-85.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60465-4 [15] Unknown Author (1970) Official Methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 11th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC. [16] Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1982) Statistical Method. 7th Edition, Iowa State University Press, Ames. [17] Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984) Statiscal Procedures for Agriculture Research. 2nd Edition, John Wily and Sons, New York. [18] Nishio, M. and Okano, S. (1991) Stimulation of the Growth of Alfalfa and Infection of Mycorrhizal Fungi by the Application of Charcoal. National Grassland Research Institute, 45, 61-71. [19] Glaser, B., Lehmann, J. and Zech, W. (2002) Ameliorating Physical and Chemical Properties of Highly Weathered Soils in the Tropics with Charcoal: A Review. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 35, 219-230.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00374-002-0466-4 [20] Khalifa, R.K.M., Manal, F.M., Bakry, B.A. and Zeidan, M.S. (2011) Response of Some Flax Varieties to Micronutrients Foliar Application under Newly Reclaimed Sandy Soil. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 5 1328-1334. [21] Ulukan, A. (2008) Humic Acid Application into Field Crops Cultivation. Kahraman Maras Sutra Imen University. Journal of Science, 11, 119-128. [22] Chan, K.Y., Van Zwieten, L., Meszaros, I., Downie, A. and Joseph, S. (2007) Agronomic Values of Greenwaste Biochar as a Soil Amendment. Soil Research, 45, 629-634.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/SR07109 [23] Yamato, M., Okimori, Y., Wibowo, I.F., Anshori, S. and Ogawa, M. (2006) Effects of the Application of Charred Bark of Acacia Mangiumon the Yield of Maize, Cowpea and Peanut, and Soil Chemical Properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 52, 489-495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2006.00065.x [24] Kimetu, J.M., Lehmann, J., Ngoze, S.O., Mugendi, D.N., Kinyangi, J.M., Riha, S., Verchot, L., Recha, J.W. and Pell, A.N. (2008) Reversibility of Soil Productivity Decline with Organic Matter of Differing Quality along a Degradation Gradient. Ecosystems, 11, 726-739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9154-z