Validation and Gender-Based Comparison of the Eating Behavior Scale for Japanese Young Adults
Affiliation(s)
1 Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan. 2 Department of Psychology, Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan. 3 Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Education, Sapporo, Japan. 4 Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
1 Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan. 2 Department of Psychology, Center for Medical Education, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan. 3 Health Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Education, Sapporo, Japan. 4 Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
ABSTRACT
Young adulthood is a time when eating behaviors can become disturbed. In general, women want to lose weight, and men want to gain weight in the form of muscle. A convenient tool to assess characteristics of eating behavior in young adulthood is needed in order to promote a healthy diet. The first aim of this study was to develop an eating behavior scale for Japanese young adults (EBS). The secondary aim was to compare eating behaviors between men and women. The EBS was modified from a questionnaire directed at high school students by Tayama and colleagues (Tayama, Watanabe, Nishimura, Murakami, & Fukudo, 2008). The participants of this study were 794 Japanese young adults (404 men and 390 women) enrolled at three universities and two vocational schools in Japan. They were recruited in the classroom and were asked to submit the completed EBS questionnaire if they agreed to participate. We assessed the validity of the EBS and compared factors between men and women. Three subscales were extracted from the EBS: “Extrinsic eating” (e.g., eating when others eat or when feeling irritated), “Eating quickly” (e.g., eating quickly or not chewing food well), and “Strong taste” (e.g., liking strong-tasting or greasy food). Overall EBS score and “Extrinsic eating” were higher, and “Strong taste” was lower, in women than that in men. The findings indicate that the EBS is suitable as a simple tool to assess properties of eating behavior of healthy Japanese young adults.
Young adulthood is a time when eating behaviors can become disturbed. In general, women want to lose weight, and men want to gain weight in the form of muscle. A convenient tool to assess characteristics of eating behavior in young adulthood is needed in order to promote a healthy diet. The first aim of this study was to develop an eating behavior scale for Japanese young adults (EBS). The secondary aim was to compare eating behaviors between men and women. The EBS was modified from a questionnaire directed at high school students by Tayama and colleagues (Tayama, Watanabe, Nishimura, Murakami, & Fukudo, 2008). The participants of this study were 794 Japanese young adults (404 men and 390 women) enrolled at three universities and two vocational schools in Japan. They were recruited in the classroom and were asked to submit the completed EBS questionnaire if they agreed to participate. We assessed the validity of the EBS and compared factors between men and women. Three subscales were extracted from the EBS: “Extrinsic eating” (e.g., eating when others eat or when feeling irritated), “Eating quickly” (e.g., eating quickly or not chewing food well), and “Strong taste” (e.g., liking strong-tasting or greasy food). Overall EBS score and “Extrinsic eating” were higher, and “Strong taste” was lower, in women than that in men. The findings indicate that the EBS is suitable as a simple tool to assess properties of eating behavior of healthy Japanese young adults.
Cite this paper
Horiguchi, M. , Tanaka, G. , Ogasawara, H. & Maruyama, R. (2014). Validation and Gender-Based Comparison of the Eating Behavior Scale for Japanese Young Adults. Psychology, 5, 2173-2179. doi: 10.4236/psych.2014.519219.
Horiguchi, M. , Tanaka, G. , Ogasawara, H. & Maruyama, R. (2014). Validation and Gender-Based Comparison of the Eating Behavior Scale for Japanese Young Adults. Psychology, 5, 2173-2179. doi: 10.4236/psych.2014.519219.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-11-40 [8] Cornier, M. A., Salzberg, A. K., Endly, D. C., Bessesen, D. H., & Tregellas, J. R. (2010). Sex-Based Differences in the Behavioral and Neuronal Responses to Food. Physiology & Behavior, 99, 538-543.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.008 [9] Cornier, M. A., Marshall, J. A., Hill, J. O., Maahs, D. M., & Eckel, R. H. (2011). Prevention of Overweight/Obesity as a Strategy to Optimize Cardiovascular Health. Circulation, 124, 840-850.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968461 [10] De Young, K. P., Lavender, J. M., & Anderson, D. A. (2010). Binge Eating Is Not Associated with Elevated Eating, Weight, or Shape Concerns in the Absence of the Desire to Lose Weight in Men. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43, 732-736. [11] Forrester-Knauss, C., & Stutz, E. Z. (2012). Gender Differences in Disordered Eating and Weight Dissatisfaction in Swiss Adults: Which Factors Matter? BMC Public Health, 12, 809.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-809 [12] Gafni, R. I., & Baron, J. (2007). Childhood Bone Mass Acquisition and Peak Bone Mass May Not Be Important Determinants of Bone Mass in Late Adulthood. Pediatrics, 119, S131-S136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2023D [13] Gardner, R. M. (2014). Weight Status and the Perception of Body Image in Men. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 7, 175-184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S49053 [14] Hayashi, F., Takimoto, H., Yoshita, K., & Yoshiike, N. (2006). Perceived Body Size and Desire for Thinness of Young Japanese Women: A Population-Based Survey. British Journal of Nutrition, 96, 1154-1162.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/BJN20061921 [15] Hill, L. S., Reid, F., Morgan, J. F., & Lacey, J. H. (2010). SCOFF, The Development of an Eating Disorder Screening Questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43, 344-351. [16] Holroyd, C., Harvey, N., Dennison, E., & Cooper, C. (2012). Epigenetic Influences in the Developmental Origins of Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International, 23, 401-410.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-011-1671-5 [17] Horstmann, A., Busse, F. P., Mathar, D., Müller, K., Lepsien, J., Schlogl, H., Kabish, S., Kratzsch, J., Neumann, J., Stumvoll, M., Villringer, A., & Pleger, B. (2011). Obesity-Related Differences between Women and Men in Brain Structure and Goal-Directed Behavior. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 1-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2011.00058 [18] Kato, Y., Iwanaga, M., Roth, R., Hamasaki, T., & Greimel, E. (2013). Psychometric Validation of the Motivation for Healthy Eating Scale (MHES). Psychology, 4, 136-141.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.42020 [19] Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2014). Outline of the Results from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey.
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/04-Houdouhappyou-10904750-Kenkoukyoku-
Gantaisakukenkouzoushinka/0000032813.pdf [20] Morgan, J. F., Reid, E., & Lacey, J. H. (1999). The SCOFF Questionnaire: Assessment of a New Screening Tool for Eating Disorders. British Medical Journal, 319, 1467-1468.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7223.1467 [21] Mori, K., Sekine, M., Yamagami, T., & Kagamimori, S. (2009). Relationship between Body Image and Lifestyle Factors in Japanese Adolescent Girls. Pediatrics International, 51, 507-513.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2008.02771.x [22] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/StatExtracts (2014) Complete Databases Available via OECD’s iLibrary, Health Status: Infant Health, Low Birthweight.
http://stats.oecd.org/ [23] Pelletier, L. G., Dion, S. C., Slovenic-D’Angelo, M., & Reid, R. (2004). Why Do You Regulate What You Eat? Relationships between Forms of Regulation, Eating Behaviors, Sustained Dietary Behavior Change, and Psychological Adjustment. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 245-277.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MOEM.0000040154.40922.14 [24] Sakata, T. (1996). Obesity Treatment Manual. Ishiyaku Publishers, Inc., Tokyo, 32-37. [25] Takimoto, H., Yoshiike, N., Kaneda, F., & Yoshita, K. (2004). Thinness among Young Japanese Women. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1592-1595.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.9.1592 [26] Tanaka, S., Kuroda, T., Saito, M., & Shiraki, M. (2013). Overweight/Obesity and Underweight Are Both Risk Factors for Osteoporosis Fractures at Different Sites in Japanese Postmenopausal Women. Osteoporosis International, 24, 69-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2209-1 [27] Tandon, N., Fall, C. H. D., Osmond, C., Sachdev, H. P., Prabhakaran, D., Ramakrishnan, L., Biswas, S. K. D., Ramji, S., Khalil, A., Gera, T., Reddy, K. S., Barker, D. J. P., Cooper, C., & Bhargava, S. K. (2012). Growth from Birth to Adulthood and Peak Bone Mass and Density Data from the New Delhi Birth Cohort. Osteoporosis International, 23, 2447-2459.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-011-1857-x [28] Tayama, J., Nishiura, K., & Sugawara, M. (2010). A Psychological Research of Abnormal Eating Behaviors in Adolescent Women. Journal of Clinical Research Center for Child Development and Educational Practice, 9, 117-124. (In Japanese with English Abstract) [29] Tayama, J., Watanabe, S., Nishiura, K., Munakata, M., & Fukudo, S. (2008). Development of an Eating Behavior Scale for High School Students and Study on the Factors Related to Himando. Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 48, 217-227. (In Japanese with English Abstract) [30] Tsugane, S. (2012). Alcohol, Smoking, and Obesity Epidemiology in Japan. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 27, 121-126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.07021.x [31] Wang, G. J., Volkow, N. D., Telang, F., Jayne, M., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Zyu, W., Wong, C. T., Thanos, P. K., Geliebter, A., Biegon, A., & Fowler, J. S. (2009). Evidence of Gender Differences in the Ability to Inhibit Brain Activation Elicited by Food Stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 1249-1254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807423106
[1] Andreasson, A. N., Unden, A. L., Elofsson, S., & Brismar, K. (2012). Leptin and Adiponectin: Distribution and Associations with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men and Women of the General Population. American Journal of Human Biology, 24, 595-601.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22279 [2] Baskin, D. G., Lattemann, D. F., Seeley, R. J., Woods, S. C., Porte Jr., D., & Schwartz, M. W. (1999). Insulin and Leptin: Dual Adiposity Signals to the Brain for the Regulation of Food Intake and Body Weight. Brain Research, 848, 114-123.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01974-5 [3] Capuron, L., Poitou, C., Machaux-Tholliez, D., Frochot, V., Bouillot, J.-L., Basdevant, A., Laye, S., & Clement, K. (2011). Relationship between Adiposity, Emotional Status and Eating Behaviour in Obese Women: Role of Inflammation. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1517-1528.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710001984 [4] Carnethon, M. R., De Chavez, P. J. D., Biggs, M. L., Lewis, C. E., Pankow, J. S., Bertoni, A. G., Golden, S. H., Liu, K., Mukamal, K. J., Camphell-Jenkins, B., & Dyer, A. R. (2012). Association of Weight Status with Mortality in Adults with Incident Diabetes. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 308, 581-590. [5] Centers for Disease Control Website (2014). Body Mass Index.
http://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html#Interpreted [6] Chang, S. F., & Yang, R. S. (2013). Determining the Cut-Off Point of Osteoporosis Based on the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool, Body Mass Index and Weight in Taiwanese Young Adult Women. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 23, 2628-2636.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12483 [7] Chiu, F.-H., Chuang, C. H., Li, W. C., Weng, Y. M., Fann, W.-C., Lo, H.-Y., Sun, C., & Wang, S. H. (2012). The Association of Leptin and C-Reactive Protein with the Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Score in Taiwanese Adults. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 11, 40-48.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-11-40 [8] Cornier, M. A., Salzberg, A. K., Endly, D. C., Bessesen, D. H., & Tregellas, J. R. (2010). Sex-Based Differences in the Behavioral and Neuronal Responses to Food. Physiology & Behavior, 99, 538-543.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.008 [9] Cornier, M. A., Marshall, J. A., Hill, J. O., Maahs, D. M., & Eckel, R. H. (2011). Prevention of Overweight/Obesity as a Strategy to Optimize Cardiovascular Health. Circulation, 124, 840-850.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.968461 [10] De Young, K. P., Lavender, J. M., & Anderson, D. A. (2010). Binge Eating Is Not Associated with Elevated Eating, Weight, or Shape Concerns in the Absence of the Desire to Lose Weight in Men. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43, 732-736. [11] Forrester-Knauss, C., & Stutz, E. Z. (2012). Gender Differences in Disordered Eating and Weight Dissatisfaction in Swiss Adults: Which Factors Matter? BMC Public Health, 12, 809.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-809 [12] Gafni, R. I., & Baron, J. (2007). Childhood Bone Mass Acquisition and Peak Bone Mass May Not Be Important Determinants of Bone Mass in Late Adulthood. Pediatrics, 119, S131-S136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-2023D [13] Gardner, R. M. (2014). Weight Status and the Perception of Body Image in Men. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 7, 175-184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S49053 [14] Hayashi, F., Takimoto, H., Yoshita, K., & Yoshiike, N. (2006). Perceived Body Size and Desire for Thinness of Young Japanese Women: A Population-Based Survey. British Journal of Nutrition, 96, 1154-1162.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/BJN20061921 [15] Hill, L. S., Reid, F., Morgan, J. F., & Lacey, J. H. (2010). SCOFF, The Development of an Eating Disorder Screening Questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 43, 344-351. [16] Holroyd, C., Harvey, N., Dennison, E., & Cooper, C. (2012). Epigenetic Influences in the Developmental Origins of Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International, 23, 401-410.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-011-1671-5 [17] Horstmann, A., Busse, F. P., Mathar, D., Müller, K., Lepsien, J., Schlogl, H., Kabish, S., Kratzsch, J., Neumann, J., Stumvoll, M., Villringer, A., & Pleger, B. (2011). Obesity-Related Differences between Women and Men in Brain Structure and Goal-Directed Behavior. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 5, 1-9.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2011.00058 [18] Kato, Y., Iwanaga, M., Roth, R., Hamasaki, T., & Greimel, E. (2013). Psychometric Validation of the Motivation for Healthy Eating Scale (MHES). Psychology, 4, 136-141.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/psych.2013.42020 [19] Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2014). Outline of the Results from the 2012 National Health and Nutrition Survey.
http://www.mhlw.go.jp/file/04-Houdouhappyou-10904750-Kenkoukyoku-
Gantaisakukenkouzoushinka/0000032813.pdf [20] Morgan, J. F., Reid, E., & Lacey, J. H. (1999). The SCOFF Questionnaire: Assessment of a New Screening Tool for Eating Disorders. British Medical Journal, 319, 1467-1468.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7223.1467 [21] Mori, K., Sekine, M., Yamagami, T., & Kagamimori, S. (2009). Relationship between Body Image and Lifestyle Factors in Japanese Adolescent Girls. Pediatrics International, 51, 507-513.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2008.02771.x [22] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/StatExtracts (2014) Complete Databases Available via OECD’s iLibrary, Health Status: Infant Health, Low Birthweight.
http://stats.oecd.org/ [23] Pelletier, L. G., Dion, S. C., Slovenic-D’Angelo, M., & Reid, R. (2004). Why Do You Regulate What You Eat? Relationships between Forms of Regulation, Eating Behaviors, Sustained Dietary Behavior Change, and Psychological Adjustment. Motivation and Emotion, 28, 245-277.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:MOEM.0000040154.40922.14 [24] Sakata, T. (1996). Obesity Treatment Manual. Ishiyaku Publishers, Inc., Tokyo, 32-37. [25] Takimoto, H., Yoshiike, N., Kaneda, F., & Yoshita, K. (2004). Thinness among Young Japanese Women. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1592-1595.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.9.1592 [26] Tanaka, S., Kuroda, T., Saito, M., & Shiraki, M. (2013). Overweight/Obesity and Underweight Are Both Risk Factors for Osteoporosis Fractures at Different Sites in Japanese Postmenopausal Women. Osteoporosis International, 24, 69-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2209-1 [27] Tandon, N., Fall, C. H. D., Osmond, C., Sachdev, H. P., Prabhakaran, D., Ramakrishnan, L., Biswas, S. K. D., Ramji, S., Khalil, A., Gera, T., Reddy, K. S., Barker, D. J. P., Cooper, C., & Bhargava, S. K. (2012). Growth from Birth to Adulthood and Peak Bone Mass and Density Data from the New Delhi Birth Cohort. Osteoporosis International, 23, 2447-2459.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00198-011-1857-x [28] Tayama, J., Nishiura, K., & Sugawara, M. (2010). A Psychological Research of Abnormal Eating Behaviors in Adolescent Women. Journal of Clinical Research Center for Child Development and Educational Practice, 9, 117-124. (In Japanese with English Abstract) [29] Tayama, J., Watanabe, S., Nishiura, K., Munakata, M., & Fukudo, S. (2008). Development of an Eating Behavior Scale for High School Students and Study on the Factors Related to Himando. Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine, 48, 217-227. (In Japanese with English Abstract) [30] Tsugane, S. (2012). Alcohol, Smoking, and Obesity Epidemiology in Japan. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 27, 121-126.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.07021.x [31] Wang, G. J., Volkow, N. D., Telang, F., Jayne, M., Ma, Y., Pradhan, K., Zyu, W., Wong, C. T., Thanos, P. K., Geliebter, A., Biegon, A., & Fowler, J. S. (2009). Evidence of Gender Differences in the Ability to Inhibit Brain Activation Elicited by Food Stimulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 1249-1254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0807423106