Potentiometric Measurement of State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Polymeric Ferrocene and Quinones Derivatives
Affiliation(s)
1 School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia. 2 School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
1 School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia. 2 School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
ABSTRACT
Measurement of state-of-charge of lead-acid batteries using potentiometric sensors would be convenient; however, most of the electrochemical couples are either soluble or are unstable in the battery electrolyte. This paper describes the results of an investigation of poly (divinylferrocene) (PDVF) and Poly(diethynylanthraquinone) (PAQ) couples in sulfuric acid with the view to developing a potentiometric sensor for lead-acid batteries. These compounds were both found to be quite stable and undergo reversible reduction/oxidation in sulfuric acid media. Their redox potential difference varied linearly with sulfuric acid concentration in the range of 1 M - 5 M (i.e. simulated lead-acid electrolyte during battery charge/discharge cycles). A sensor based on these compounds has been investigated.
Cite this paper
Issa, T. , Singh, P. , Baker, M. and Lee, T. (2014) Potentiometric Measurement of State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Polymeric Ferrocene and Quinones Derivatives. Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation, 4, 110-118. doi: 10.4236/jasmi.2014.44015.
Issa, T. , Singh, P. , Baker, M. and Lee, T. (2014) Potentiometric Measurement of State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Polymeric Ferrocene and Quinones Derivatives. Journal of Analytical Sciences, Methods and Instrumentation, 4, 110-118. doi: 10.4236/jasmi.2014.44015.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5006.688 [24] Albagli, D., Bazan, G.C., Schrock, R.R. and Wrighton, M.S. (1993) Surface Attachment of Well-Defined Redox-Active Polymers and Block Polymers via Terminal Functional Groups. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 115, 7328-7334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00069a035 [25] Jordan, R., Ulman, A., Kang, J.F., Rafailovich, M.H. and Sokolov, J. (1999) Surface-Initiated Anionic Polymerization of Styrene by Means of Self-Assembled Monolayers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 121, 1016-1022.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja981348l [26] Funt, B.L. and Gray, D.G. (1970) Primary Processes in Electropolymerization by Cyclic Voltammetry of Phenyl-Substituted Ethylenes. Journal of Electrochemical Society, 117, 1020-1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2407711 [27] Ju, H. and Leech, D. (1997) Electrochemistry of Poly(Vinylferrocene) Formed by Direct Electrochemical Reduction at a Glassy Carbon Electrode. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 93, 1371-1375.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a606680a [28] Etori, H., Kanbara, T. and Yamamoto, T. (1994) New Type of Pi-Conjugated Polymers Constituted of Quinone Units in the Main Chain. Chemistry Letters, 23, 461-464.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.1994.461 [29] Lee, T., Singh, P., Baker, M.V. and Issa, T.B. (2008) Polydivinylferrocene Surface Modified Electrode for Measuring State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Battery. Journal of Power Sources, 182, 639-641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.04.034 [30] Issa, T.B., Singh, P. and Baker, M. (1998) Using an 11-Ferrocenyl-1-Undecanethiol Surface-Modified Electrode for Sensing Hydrogen-Ion Concentration in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Solutions. In: Akmal, N. and Usmani, A.M., Eds., Polymers in Sensors: Theory and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 257-263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0690.ch021 [31] Issa, T.B., Singh, P., Baker, M. and Verma, B.S. (2001) 1,1’-Bis(11-mercaptoundecyl)ferrocene for Potentiometric Sensing of H+ Ion in Sulfuric Acid Media Simulating Lead Acid Battery Electrolyte. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 31, 921-924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017569602261
[1] Kordesch, K.V. (1977) The Electric Automobile. In: Kordesch, K.V., Ed., Batteries. Vol. 2: Lead-Acid Batteries and Electric Vehicles, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 201-403. [2] Bode, H. (1977) Lead-Acid Batteries. John Wiley & Sons, New York. [3] Charlesworth, J.M. (1996) Determination of the State-of-Charge of a Lead-Acid Battery Using Impedance of the Quartz Crystal Oscillatory. Electrochimica Acta, 41, 1721-1726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(95)00480-7 [4] Makino, D., Naito, M., Fujimoto, H., Tadakuma, T., Nitta, H., Takahashi, K., Tsubota, M., Iwanami, Y., Kudo, H. and Fujita, Y. (1994) A State-of-Charge Indicator for Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) Batteries. GS News Technical Report, 53, 10-16. [5] McNicol, B.D. and Rand, D.A.J., Eds. (1984) Power Sources for Electric Vehicles. Elsevier, The Netherlands. [6] Weininger, J.L. and Briant, J.L. (1982) State-of-Charge Indicator for Lead-Acid Batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 129, 2409-2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2123557 [7] Weiss, J.D. (1999) Optical State-of-Charge Monitor for Batteries. US Patent US5949219, United States Department of Energy, Washington DC, 19 pp. [8] Cadirci, Y. and Ozkazanc, Y. (2004) Microcontroller-Based on-Line State-of-Charge Estimator for Sealed Lead-Acid Batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 129, 330-342.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.11.008 [9] Cortazar, O.D. and Feliu, V. (2006) A Simple and Robust Fiber Optics System for Measuring the Lead-Acid Battery State-of-Charge. Journal of Power Sources, 159, 728-733.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.052 [10] Gonzalez, I., Ramiro, A., Calderon, M., Calderon, A.J. and Gonzalez, J.F. (2012) Estimation of the State-of-Charge of Gel Lead-Acid Batteries and Application to the Control of a Stand-Alone Wind-Solar Test-Bed with Hydrogen Support. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 11090-11103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.05.001 [11] Han, J., Kim, D. and Sunwoo, M. (2009) State-of-Charge Estimation of Lead-Acid Batteries Using an Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter. Journal of Power Sources, 188, 606-612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.143 [12] Hill, I.R. and Andrukaitis, E.E. (2001) Non-Intrusive Measurement of the State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries Using Wire-Wound Coils. Journal of Power Sources, 103, 98-112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00852-7 [13] Li, B., Wang, Y., Wu, L. and Chen, Z. (2009) A New Method of Fuzzy SOC Estimation for Dynamic Battery Using Terminal Voltage. Journal of Hunan University, 36, 47-50. [14] Tinnemeyer, J.A. (2010) Diamagnetic Measurements in Lead Acid Batteries to Estimate State of Charge. Proceedings of the Power Sources Conference, 508-511. [15] Vasebi, A., Bathaee, S.M.T. and Partovibakhsh, M. (2007) Predicting State of Charge of Lead-Acid Batteries for Hybrid Electric Vehicles by Extended Kalman Filter. Energy Conversion and Management, 49, 75-82.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.05.017 [16] Patil, S.S., Labade, V.P., Kulkarni, N.M. and Shaligram, A.D. (2013) Analysis of Refractometric Fiber Optic State-of-Charge (SOC) Monitoring Sensor for Lead Acid Battery. Optik—International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, 124, 5687-5691. [17] Patil, S.S., Labade, V.P., Kulkarni, N.M. and Shaligram, A.D. (2014) Refractometric Fiber Optic Sensor for in Situ Monitoring the State-of-Charge of a Lead Acid Battery. Journal of Optical Technology, 81, 159-163.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/JOT.81.000159 [18] Singh, P., Velletri, V., Ritchie, I.M. and Bailey, S.I. (1990) Behaviour of Ferrocene Modified Electrodes in Sulfuric Acid. In: Wood, L. and Jones, A., Eds., New Developments in Electrode Materials and Their Application, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, 57-68. [19] Murray, R.W. (1984) Chemically Modified Electrodes. In: Bard, A.J., Ed., Electroanalytical Chemistry, Volume 13, 191-368. [20] Heineman, W.R., Wieck, H.J. and Yacynych, A.M. (1980) Polymer Film Chemically Modified Electrode as a Potentiometric Sensor. Analytical Chemistry, 52, 345-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac50052a031 [21] Cheek, G., Wales, C.P. and Nowak, R.J. (1983) pH Response of Platinum and Vitreous Carbon Electrodes Modified by Electropolymerized Films. Analytical Chemistry, 55, 380-381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00253a047 [22] Rubinstein, I. (1984) Voltammetric pH Measurements with Surface-Modified Electrodes and a Voltammetric Internal Reference. Analytical Chemistry, 56, 1135-1137.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00271a018 [23] Hickman, J.J., Ofer, D., Laibinis, P.E., Whitesides, G.M. and Wrighton, M.S. (1991) Molecular Self-Assembly of Two-Terminal, Voltammetric Microsensors with Internal References. Science, 252, 688-691.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.252.5006.688 [24] Albagli, D., Bazan, G.C., Schrock, R.R. and Wrighton, M.S. (1993) Surface Attachment of Well-Defined Redox-Active Polymers and Block Polymers via Terminal Functional Groups. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 115, 7328-7334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00069a035 [25] Jordan, R., Ulman, A., Kang, J.F., Rafailovich, M.H. and Sokolov, J. (1999) Surface-Initiated Anionic Polymerization of Styrene by Means of Self-Assembled Monolayers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 121, 1016-1022.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja981348l [26] Funt, B.L. and Gray, D.G. (1970) Primary Processes in Electropolymerization by Cyclic Voltammetry of Phenyl-Substituted Ethylenes. Journal of Electrochemical Society, 117, 1020-1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2407711 [27] Ju, H. and Leech, D. (1997) Electrochemistry of Poly(Vinylferrocene) Formed by Direct Electrochemical Reduction at a Glassy Carbon Electrode. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 93, 1371-1375.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a606680a [28] Etori, H., Kanbara, T. and Yamamoto, T. (1994) New Type of Pi-Conjugated Polymers Constituted of Quinone Units in the Main Chain. Chemistry Letters, 23, 461-464.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.1994.461 [29] Lee, T., Singh, P., Baker, M.V. and Issa, T.B. (2008) Polydivinylferrocene Surface Modified Electrode for Measuring State-of-Charge of Lead-Acid Battery. Journal of Power Sources, 182, 639-641.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.04.034 [30] Issa, T.B., Singh, P. and Baker, M. (1998) Using an 11-Ferrocenyl-1-Undecanethiol Surface-Modified Electrode for Sensing Hydrogen-Ion Concentration in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid Solutions. In: Akmal, N. and Usmani, A.M., Eds., Polymers in Sensors: Theory and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 257-263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1998-0690.ch021 [31] Issa, T.B., Singh, P., Baker, M. and Verma, B.S. (2001) 1,1’-Bis(11-mercaptoundecyl)ferrocene for Potentiometric Sensing of H+ Ion in Sulfuric Acid Media Simulating Lead Acid Battery Electrolyte. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 31, 921-924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017569602261