Multipath Grid-Based Enabled Geographic Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks
ABSTRACT
This work proposes an efficient disjoint multipath geographic routing algorithm for dense wireless sensor networks (WSN), called Multipath Grid-based Enabled Geographic Routing (MGEGR). The proposed algorithm relies on the construction of a 2-D logical grid in the geographical region of deployment. The objective of the proposed scheme is to determine optimal or near-optimal (within a defined constant) multiple disjoint paths (multipath) from a source node to the sink, in order to enhance the reliability of the network. The determined multiple disjoint paths would be used by the source node in a round-robin way to balance the traffic across the disjoint paths, and to avoid discovered paths with cell holes. The proposed scheme limits the use of broadcasting to the process of gateway election within each cell, and the process of maintaining the table of neighbors of each gateway. Our simulation results show the effectiveness and scalability of our routing scheme with increased network size compared to on-demand routing protocols.
This work proposes an efficient disjoint multipath geographic routing algorithm for dense wireless sensor networks (WSN), called Multipath Grid-based Enabled Geographic Routing (MGEGR). The proposed algorithm relies on the construction of a 2-D logical grid in the geographical region of deployment. The objective of the proposed scheme is to determine optimal or near-optimal (within a defined constant) multiple disjoint paths (multipath) from a source node to the sink, in order to enhance the reliability of the network. The determined multiple disjoint paths would be used by the source node in a round-robin way to balance the traffic across the disjoint paths, and to avoid discovered paths with cell holes. The proposed scheme limits the use of broadcasting to the process of gateway election within each cell, and the process of maintaining the table of neighbors of each gateway. Our simulation results show the effectiveness and scalability of our routing scheme with increased network size compared to on-demand routing protocols.
KEYWORDS
Wireless Sensor Networks, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Clustering Algorithms, Disjoint Multipath Routing, Grid-Based Routing, Geographic Routing
Wireless Sensor Networks, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Clustering Algorithms, Disjoint Multipath Routing, Grid-Based Routing, Geographic Routing
Cite this paper
Arafeh, B. , Day, K. , Touzene, A. and Alzeidi, N. (2014) Multipath Grid-Based Enabled Geographic Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Sensor Network, 6, 265-280. doi: 10.4236/wsn.2014.612026.
Arafeh, B. , Day, K. , Touzene, A. and Alzeidi, N. (2014) Multipath Grid-Based Enabled Geographic Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Sensor Network, 6, 265-280. doi: 10.4236/wsn.2014.612026.
References
[1] Yick, J., Mukherjee, B. and Ghosal, D. (2008) Wireless Sensor Network Survey. Computer Networks, 52, 2292-2330.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2008.04.002 [2] Akkaya, K. and Younis, M. (2005) A Survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 3, 325-349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2003.09.010 [3] Abbasi, A.A. and Younis, M. (2007) A Survey on Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks. Computer Communications, 30, 2826-2841.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2007.05.024 [4] Al-Karaki, J. and Kamal, A. (2004) Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey. IEEE Wireless Communication, 11, 6-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2004.1368893 [5] Liao, W.-H., Tseng, Y.-C. and Sheu, J.-P. (2001) Grid: A Fully Location-Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Telecommunication Systems, 18, 37-60.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016735301732 [6] Yu, L., Wang, N., Zhang, W. and Zheng, C. (2006) GROUP: A Grid-Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, (WiCOM 2006), 22-24 September 2006, 1-5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WiCOM.2006.287 [7] Akl, R., Kadiyala, P. and Haidar, M. (2009) Non-Uniform Grid-Based Coordinated Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Sensors, Article ID: 491349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/491349 [8] Shrestha, D.M., Kim, C. and Ko, U.-B. (2011) A Reliable Multi-Grid Protocol for Tactical MANETs. Research in Applied Computation Symposium, (RACS’11), Miami, 2-5 November 2011, 164-169. [9] Sha, K., Gehlot, J. and Greve, R. (2013) Multipath Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey. Wireless Personal Communications, 70, 807-829.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0723-2 [10] Wu, Z., Song, H., Jiang, S. and Xu, X. (2007) Energy-Aware Grid Multipath Routing Protocol in MANET. Proceedings of the First Asia International Conference on Modelling & Simulation, (AMS’07), Phuket, 7-30 March 2007, 36-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AMS.2007.36 [11] Wu, Z., Song, H., Jiang, S. and Xu, X. (2007) A Grid-Based Stable Backup Routing Algorithm in MANETs. International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, (MUE’07), Seoul, 26-28 April 2007, 680-685. [12] Banimelhem, O. and Khasawneh, S. (2012) GMCAR: Grid-Based Multipath with Congestion Avoidance Routing Protocolin Wireless Sensor Networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 10, 1346-1361.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2012.03.015 [13] Arafeh, B., Day, K., Touzene, A. and Alzeidi, N. (2013) GEGR: A Grid-Based Enabled Geographic Routing in Wireless Sensornetworks. IEEE Malaysia International Conference on Communication, (MICC 2013), Kuala Lumpur, 26- 28 November 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MICC.2013.6805856 [14] Chakeres, I.D. and Perkins, C.E. (2007) Dynamic MANET on Demand (DYMO) Routing Protocol. Internet-Draft Version 09, IETF. [15] Ko, Y.-B. and Vaidya, N.H. (2000) Location-Aided Routing (LAR) in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Wireless Networks, 6, 307-321.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019106118419 [16] Perkins, C.E. (1999) Ad-Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector Routing. Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, (WMCSA’99), 25-26 February 1999, 90-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCSA.1999.749281
[1] Yick, J., Mukherjee, B. and Ghosal, D. (2008) Wireless Sensor Network Survey. Computer Networks, 52, 2292-2330.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2008.04.002 [2] Akkaya, K. and Younis, M. (2005) A Survey on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 3, 325-349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2003.09.010 [3] Abbasi, A.A. and Younis, M. (2007) A Survey on Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks. Computer Communications, 30, 2826-2841.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2007.05.024 [4] Al-Karaki, J. and Kamal, A. (2004) Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey. IEEE Wireless Communication, 11, 6-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2004.1368893 [5] Liao, W.-H., Tseng, Y.-C. and Sheu, J.-P. (2001) Grid: A Fully Location-Aware Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Telecommunication Systems, 18, 37-60.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016735301732 [6] Yu, L., Wang, N., Zhang, W. and Zheng, C. (2006) GROUP: A Grid-Clustering Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, (WiCOM 2006), 22-24 September 2006, 1-5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/WiCOM.2006.287 [7] Akl, R., Kadiyala, P. and Haidar, M. (2009) Non-Uniform Grid-Based Coordinated Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Sensors, Article ID: 491349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/491349 [8] Shrestha, D.M., Kim, C. and Ko, U.-B. (2011) A Reliable Multi-Grid Protocol for Tactical MANETs. Research in Applied Computation Symposium, (RACS’11), Miami, 2-5 November 2011, 164-169. [9] Sha, K., Gehlot, J. and Greve, R. (2013) Multipath Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey. Wireless Personal Communications, 70, 807-829.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-012-0723-2 [10] Wu, Z., Song, H., Jiang, S. and Xu, X. (2007) Energy-Aware Grid Multipath Routing Protocol in MANET. Proceedings of the First Asia International Conference on Modelling & Simulation, (AMS’07), Phuket, 7-30 March 2007, 36-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/AMS.2007.36 [11] Wu, Z., Song, H., Jiang, S. and Xu, X. (2007) A Grid-Based Stable Backup Routing Algorithm in MANETs. International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering, (MUE’07), Seoul, 26-28 April 2007, 680-685. [12] Banimelhem, O. and Khasawneh, S. (2012) GMCAR: Grid-Based Multipath with Congestion Avoidance Routing Protocolin Wireless Sensor Networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 10, 1346-1361.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2012.03.015 [13] Arafeh, B., Day, K., Touzene, A. and Alzeidi, N. (2013) GEGR: A Grid-Based Enabled Geographic Routing in Wireless Sensornetworks. IEEE Malaysia International Conference on Communication, (MICC 2013), Kuala Lumpur, 26- 28 November 2013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MICC.2013.6805856 [14] Chakeres, I.D. and Perkins, C.E. (2007) Dynamic MANET on Demand (DYMO) Routing Protocol. Internet-Draft Version 09, IETF. [15] Ko, Y.-B. and Vaidya, N.H. (2000) Location-Aided Routing (LAR) in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Wireless Networks, 6, 307-321.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019106118419 [16] Perkins, C.E. (1999) Ad-Hoc on-Demand Distance Vector Routing. Proceedings of the Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, (WMCSA’99), 25-26 February 1999, 90-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MCSA.1999.749281