Comparison of Glyphosate Formulations for Weed Control and Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.) and Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]
ABSTRACT
Twenty-two field experiments (six maize (Zea mays L.) and five soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] using low glyphosate doses to assess weed control and six maize and five soybean using high glyphosate doses to assess tolerance) were conducted from 2010 to 2012 at two locations in southern Ontario, Canada to compare the commercially available glyphosate formulations of Roundup Weather MAX?, Clearout?41 Plus, and Wise Up? (WeatherMAX, Clearout, and WiseUp, respectively). Inmaize and soybean, control of velvetleaf, pigweed species, common lambs quarters, and green foxtail 4 weeks after treatment (WAT) using 900 g·ae·ha-1 ranged from at least 85% to 99%, regardless of formulation. By 8 WAT with 900 g·ae·ha-1, control of these weeds generally declined, but still ranged from 82% to 97% across all formulations. At harvest, maize yields were similar to the weed-free control for 900 g·ae·ha-1 of glyphosate as WeatherMAX and Clearout; however, reduced weed control with WiseUp resulted in an 8.8% yield loss. For soybean, yields were similar to the weed-free control, regardless of formulation or dose. In the tolerance experiments, 2.1% and 2.8% injury was observed 4 WAT for maize treated with 3600 g·ae·ha-1 of glyphosate as WeatherMAX and WiseUp, respectively. However, maize yields were unaffected by glyphosate formulation or dose. In soybean, visible injury of 8.5%, 4.5%, and 3.7% was observed 1 WAT with 5400 g·ae·ha-1 of glyphosate as WeatherMAX, WiseUp, and Clearout, respectively; by 8 WAT, visible injury was similar to the untreated control, regardless of formulation or dose. The early injury from 5400 g·ae·ha-1 of glyphosate resulted in 8.5%, 4.6%, and 5.5% yield loss for the WeatherMAX, WiseUp, and Clearout formulations, respectively.
Cite this paper
Mahoney, K. , Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P. (2014) Comparison of Glyphosate Formulations for Weed Control and Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.) and Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 1329-1337. doi: 10.4236/as.2014.513142.
Mahoney, K. , Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P. (2014) Comparison of Glyphosate Formulations for Weed Control and Tolerance in Maize (Zea mays L.) and Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 1329-1337. doi: 10.4236/as.2014.513142.
References
[1] Mahoney, K.J., Nurse, R.E., Everman, W.J., Sprague, C.L. and Sikkema, P.H. (2014) Tolerance of Corn (Zea mays L.) to Early and Late Glyphosate Applications. American Journal of Plant Science, 5, 2748-2754.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2014.518291 [2] Mahoney, K.J., Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P.H. (2014) Weed Management in Conventional and No-Till Soybean Using Flumioxazin/Pyroxasulfone. Weed Technology, 28, 298-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-13-00128.1 [3] Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs (2013) Guide to Weed Control, 2014-2015. Toronto, 432 p. [4] Kappler, B.F., Knezevic, S.Z., Klein, R.F., Lyon, D.J., Martin, A.R., Roeth, F.W. and Wicks, G.A. (2005) Comparison of Glyphosate Herbicides in Nebraska. Crop Management, 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/CM-2005-0719-01-RS [5] Mueller, T.C., Main, C.L., Thompson, M.A. and Steckel, L.E. (2006) Comparison of Glyphosate Salts (Isopropylamine, Diammonium, and Potassium) and Calcium and Magnesium Concentration on the Control of Various Weeds. Weed Technology, 20, 164-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-05-038R.1 [6] Parker, R.G., York, A.C. and Jordan, D.L. (2005) Comparison of Glyphosate Products in Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology, 19, 796-802.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-040271R2.1 [7] Soltani, N., Stewart, C.L., Nurse, R.E., Van Eerd, L.L., Vyn, R.J. and Sikkema, P.H. (2012) Weed Control, Environmental Impact and Profitability of Weed Management Strategies in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn. American Journal of Plant Science, 3, 1594-1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.311193 [8] Anonymous (2005) I.D.E.A. Position Regarding Clear out 41 Plus.
https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/6133351/idea-position-regarding-clearout-41-plus-november-18-2005- [9] Hartzler, B. (2003) Which Glyphosate Product Is Best?
http://www.weeds.iastate.edu/mgmt/2001/glyphosateformulations03.htm [10] Anonymous (2011) Roundup WeatherMAX® Herbicide Product Label. Monsanto Canada Inc., Winnipeg, 85 p. [11] Mahoney, K.J., Nurse, R.E. and Sikkema, P.H. (2014) Tolerance of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to Late Applications of Postemergence Herbicides. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 1007-1014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2014.511109 [12] Anonymous (2009) Clearout® 41 Plus Herbicide Product Label. Chemical Products Technologies, LLC, Cartersville, 46 p. [13] Anonymous (2013) Wise Up®Herbicide Product Label. MEY Corporation, Chapel Hill, 34 p. [14] Thomas, W.E., Burke, I.C. and Wilcut, J.W. (2004) Weed Management in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn with Glyphosate, Halosulfuron, and Mesotrione. Weed Technology, 18, 826-834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-03-221R [15] Soltani, N., Nurse, R.E., Page, E.P., Everman, W.J., Sprague, C.L. and Sikkema, P.H. (2013) Influence of Late Emerging Weeds in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn. Agricultural Sciences, 4, 275-281.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2013.46039 [16] Stewart, C.L., Soltani, N., Nurse, R.E., Hamill, A.S. and Sikkema, P.H. (2012) Precipitation Influences Pre- and Post-Emergence Herbicide Efficacy in Corn. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3, 1193-1204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.39145 [17] Krausz, R.F., Kapusta, G. and Matthews, J.L. (1996) Control of Annual Weeds with Glyphosate. Weed Technology, 10, 957-962. [18] Johnson, B.F., Bailey, W.A., Wilson, H.P., Holshouser, D.L., Herbert Jr., D.A. and Hines, T.E. (2002) Herbicide Effects on Visible Injury, Leaf Area, and Yield of Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology, 16, 554-566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0554:HEOVIL]2.0.CO;2 [19] Kelley, K.B., Wax, L.M., Hager, A.G. and Riechers, D.E. (2005) Soybean Response to Plant Growth Regulator Herbicides Is Affected by Other Postemergence Herbicides. Weed Science, 53, 101-112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WS-04-078R [20] Reddy, K.N. and Zablotowicz, R.M. (2003) Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean Response to Various Salts of Glyphosate and Glyphosate Accumulation in Soybean Nodules. Weed Science, 51, 496-502.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0496:GSRTVS]2.0.CO;2 [21] Zablotowicz, R.M. and Reddy, K.N. (2007) Nitrogenase Activity, Nitrogen Content, and Yield Responses to Glyphosate in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean. Crop Protection, 26, 370-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2005.05.013 [22] Heck, G.R., Armstrong, C.L., Astwood, J.D., Behr, C.F., Bookout, J.T., Brown, S.M., Cavato, T.A., DeBoer, D.L., Deng, M.Y., George, C., Hillyard, J.R., Hironaka, C.M., Howe, A.R., Jakse, E.H., Ledesma, B.E., Lee, T.C., Lirette, R.P., Mangano, M.L., Mutz, J.N., Qi, Y., Rodriguez, R.E., Sidhu, S.R., Silvanovich, A., Stoecker, M.A., Yingling, R.A. and You, J. (2005) Development and Characterization of a CP4 EPSPS-Based, Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn Event. Crop Science, 45, 329-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0329 [23] Nandula, V.K., Reddy, K.N., Rimando, A.M., Duke, S.O. and Poston, D.H. (2007) Glyphosate-Resistant and -Susceptible Soybean (Glycine max) and Canola (Brassica napus) Dose Response and Metabolism Relationships with Glyphosate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 3540-3545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf063568l [24] Pline, W.A., Wu, J. and Hatzios, K.K. (1999) Effects of Temperature and Chemical Additives on the Response of Transgenic Herbicide-Resistant Soybeans to Glufosinate and Glyphosate Applications. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 65, 119-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pest.1999.2437 [25] Reddy, K.N., Hoagland, R.E. and Zablotowicz, R.M. (2001) Effect of Glyphosate on Growth, Chlorophyll, and Nodulation in Glyphosate-Resistant and Susceptible Soybean (Glycine max) Varieties. Journal of New Seeds, 2, 37-52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J153v02n03_03 [26] Reddy, K.N., Rimando, A.M. and Duke, S.O. (2004) Aminomethylphosphonic Acid, a Metabolite of Glyphosate, Causes Injury in Glyphosate-Treated, Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 5139-5143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf049605v [27] Santos, J.B., Ferreira, E.A., Reis, M.R., Silva, A.A., Fialho, C.M.T. and Freitas, M.A.M. (2007) Effects of Glyphosate Formulations on Transgenic Soybean. Planta Daninha, 25, 165-171.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582007000100018 [28] Krausz, R.F. and Young, B.G. (2001) Response of Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean (Glycine max) to Trimethylsulfonium and Isopropylamine Salts of Glyphosate. Weed Technology, 15, 745-749.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0745:ROGRSG]2.0.CO;2
[1] Mahoney, K.J., Nurse, R.E., Everman, W.J., Sprague, C.L. and Sikkema, P.H. (2014) Tolerance of Corn (Zea mays L.) to Early and Late Glyphosate Applications. American Journal of Plant Science, 5, 2748-2754.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2014.518291 [2] Mahoney, K.J., Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P.H. (2014) Weed Management in Conventional and No-Till Soybean Using Flumioxazin/Pyroxasulfone. Weed Technology, 28, 298-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-D-13-00128.1 [3] Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and Ministry of Rural Affairs (2013) Guide to Weed Control, 2014-2015. Toronto, 432 p. [4] Kappler, B.F., Knezevic, S.Z., Klein, R.F., Lyon, D.J., Martin, A.R., Roeth, F.W. and Wicks, G.A. (2005) Comparison of Glyphosate Herbicides in Nebraska. Crop Management, 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/CM-2005-0719-01-RS [5] Mueller, T.C., Main, C.L., Thompson, M.A. and Steckel, L.E. (2006) Comparison of Glyphosate Salts (Isopropylamine, Diammonium, and Potassium) and Calcium and Magnesium Concentration on the Control of Various Weeds. Weed Technology, 20, 164-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-05-038R.1 [6] Parker, R.G., York, A.C. and Jordan, D.L. (2005) Comparison of Glyphosate Products in Glyphosate-Resistant Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Corn (Zea mays). Weed Technology, 19, 796-802.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-040271R2.1 [7] Soltani, N., Stewart, C.L., Nurse, R.E., Van Eerd, L.L., Vyn, R.J. and Sikkema, P.H. (2012) Weed Control, Environmental Impact and Profitability of Weed Management Strategies in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn. American Journal of Plant Science, 3, 1594-1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.311193 [8] Anonymous (2005) I.D.E.A. Position Regarding Clear out 41 Plus.
https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/6133351/idea-position-regarding-clearout-41-plus-november-18-2005- [9] Hartzler, B. (2003) Which Glyphosate Product Is Best?
http://www.weeds.iastate.edu/mgmt/2001/glyphosateformulations03.htm [10] Anonymous (2011) Roundup WeatherMAX® Herbicide Product Label. Monsanto Canada Inc., Winnipeg, 85 p. [11] Mahoney, K.J., Nurse, R.E. and Sikkema, P.H. (2014) Tolerance of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to Late Applications of Postemergence Herbicides. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 1007-1014.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2014.511109 [12] Anonymous (2009) Clearout® 41 Plus Herbicide Product Label. Chemical Products Technologies, LLC, Cartersville, 46 p. [13] Anonymous (2013) Wise Up®Herbicide Product Label. MEY Corporation, Chapel Hill, 34 p. [14] Thomas, W.E., Burke, I.C. and Wilcut, J.W. (2004) Weed Management in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn with Glyphosate, Halosulfuron, and Mesotrione. Weed Technology, 18, 826-834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WT-03-221R [15] Soltani, N., Nurse, R.E., Page, E.P., Everman, W.J., Sprague, C.L. and Sikkema, P.H. (2013) Influence of Late Emerging Weeds in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn. Agricultural Sciences, 4, 275-281.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2013.46039 [16] Stewart, C.L., Soltani, N., Nurse, R.E., Hamill, A.S. and Sikkema, P.H. (2012) Precipitation Influences Pre- and Post-Emergence Herbicide Efficacy in Corn. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3, 1193-1204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.39145 [17] Krausz, R.F., Kapusta, G. and Matthews, J.L. (1996) Control of Annual Weeds with Glyphosate. Weed Technology, 10, 957-962. [18] Johnson, B.F., Bailey, W.A., Wilson, H.P., Holshouser, D.L., Herbert Jr., D.A. and Hines, T.E. (2002) Herbicide Effects on Visible Injury, Leaf Area, and Yield of Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technology, 16, 554-566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0554:HEOVIL]2.0.CO;2 [19] Kelley, K.B., Wax, L.M., Hager, A.G. and Riechers, D.E. (2005) Soybean Response to Plant Growth Regulator Herbicides Is Affected by Other Postemergence Herbicides. Weed Science, 53, 101-112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/WS-04-078R [20] Reddy, K.N. and Zablotowicz, R.M. (2003) Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean Response to Various Salts of Glyphosate and Glyphosate Accumulation in Soybean Nodules. Weed Science, 51, 496-502.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2003)051[0496:GSRTVS]2.0.CO;2 [21] Zablotowicz, R.M. and Reddy, K.N. (2007) Nitrogenase Activity, Nitrogen Content, and Yield Responses to Glyphosate in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean. Crop Protection, 26, 370-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2005.05.013 [22] Heck, G.R., Armstrong, C.L., Astwood, J.D., Behr, C.F., Bookout, J.T., Brown, S.M., Cavato, T.A., DeBoer, D.L., Deng, M.Y., George, C., Hillyard, J.R., Hironaka, C.M., Howe, A.R., Jakse, E.H., Ledesma, B.E., Lee, T.C., Lirette, R.P., Mangano, M.L., Mutz, J.N., Qi, Y., Rodriguez, R.E., Sidhu, S.R., Silvanovich, A., Stoecker, M.A., Yingling, R.A. and You, J. (2005) Development and Characterization of a CP4 EPSPS-Based, Glyphosate-Tolerant Corn Event. Crop Science, 45, 329-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0329 [23] Nandula, V.K., Reddy, K.N., Rimando, A.M., Duke, S.O. and Poston, D.H. (2007) Glyphosate-Resistant and -Susceptible Soybean (Glycine max) and Canola (Brassica napus) Dose Response and Metabolism Relationships with Glyphosate. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 3540-3545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf063568l [24] Pline, W.A., Wu, J. and Hatzios, K.K. (1999) Effects of Temperature and Chemical Additives on the Response of Transgenic Herbicide-Resistant Soybeans to Glufosinate and Glyphosate Applications. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 65, 119-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/pest.1999.2437 [25] Reddy, K.N., Hoagland, R.E. and Zablotowicz, R.M. (2001) Effect of Glyphosate on Growth, Chlorophyll, and Nodulation in Glyphosate-Resistant and Susceptible Soybean (Glycine max) Varieties. Journal of New Seeds, 2, 37-52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J153v02n03_03 [26] Reddy, K.N., Rimando, A.M. and Duke, S.O. (2004) Aminomethylphosphonic Acid, a Metabolite of Glyphosate, Causes Injury in Glyphosate-Treated, Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 5139-5143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf049605v [27] Santos, J.B., Ferreira, E.A., Reis, M.R., Silva, A.A., Fialho, C.M.T. and Freitas, M.A.M. (2007) Effects of Glyphosate Formulations on Transgenic Soybean. Planta Daninha, 25, 165-171.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-83582007000100018 [28] Krausz, R.F. and Young, B.G. (2001) Response of Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean (Glycine max) to Trimethylsulfonium and Isopropylamine Salts of Glyphosate. Weed Technology, 15, 745-749.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0745:ROGRSG]2.0.CO;2