Validating the Measures of Perceived Restorativeness in Obudu Mountain Resort, Cross River State, Nigeria
Affiliation(s)
1 Department of Landscape Architecture, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia. 2 Department of Architecture, Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Benue State, Nigeria.
1 Department of Landscape Architecture, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia. 2 Department of Architecture, Benue State Polytechnic, Ugbokolo, Benue State, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Several studies suggest that contact with natural environments enhance restoration of directed attention better than experience of other environments devoid of nature. This study attempts to validate the self-report measures of the components of a restorative environment and perceived stress through an exploratory study of the multi-stimulus Obudu mountain resort environment. Twenty-two respondents randomly co-opted at the study site had their perception of stress measured by the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) while their perceived restoration was measured by the Perceived Restorativeness Scale (PRS). Results indicate an acceptable stable and consistent coefficient alpha across the scores. We found that perceived stress is significantly related to fascination and age while being away, extent, compatibility and length of days were not significant. The results support the reliability and constructs of the PSS and the PRS in a mountain environment. The finding is a further indication of the universality of the underlying postulates behind restorative environments, human response and wellbeing.
Cite this paper
Ojobo, H. , Mohamad, S. , Said, I. (2014) Validating the Measures of Perceived Restorativeness in Obudu Mountain Resort, Cross River State, Nigeria. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 1-6. doi: 10.4236/jss.2014.211001.
Ojobo, H. , Mohamad, S. , Said, I. (2014) Validating the Measures of Perceived Restorativeness in Obudu Mountain Resort, Cross River State, Nigeria. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2, 1-6. doi: 10.4236/jss.2014.211001.
References
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[1] Kaplan, S. (1992) The Restorative Environment: Nature and Human Experience. In: Relf, D., Ed., The Role of Horti-culture in Human Well-Being and Social Development, Timber Press, Portland, 134. [2] Herzog, T.R., Maguire, C.P. and Nebel, M.B. (2003) Accessing the Restorative Components of Environments. Envi- ronmental Psychology, 23, 159-170. [3] Hansmann, R., Hug, S. and Seeland, K. (2007) Restoration and Stress Relief through Physical Activities in Forests and Parks. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 6, 213-225. [4] Annersted, M., Norman, J., Boman, M., Mattsson, L., Grahn, P. and Wahrborg, P. (2010) Finding Stress Relief in a Forest. Ecological Bulletins, 53, 33-42. [5] Sarkar, S. and Mukhopadhyay, B. (2008) Perceived Psychosocial Stress and Cardiovascular Risk: Observations among the Bhutias of Sikkim, India. Stress and Health, 24, 23-34. [6] Tsunetsugu, Y., Lee, J., Park, B., Tyrvainen, L., Kagawa, T. and Miyazaki, Y. (2013) Physiological and Psychological Effects of Viewing Urban Forests Landscapes Assessed by Multiple Measurements. Landscape and Urban Planning, 113, 90-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.01.014 [7] Kaplan, S. and Berman, M.G. (2010) Directed Attention as a Common Resource for Executive Functioning and Self- Regulation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 43-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691609356784 [8] Chang, C.Y., Hammitt, W.E., Chen, P.K., Machnik, L. and Su, W.C. (2008) Psychophysiological Responses and Res- torative Values of Natural Environments in Taiwan. Landscape and Urban Planning, 85, 79-84. [9] Kaplan, S. (1995) The Restorative Benefits of Nature: Towards an Integrative Framework. Environmental Psychology, 15, 169-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2 [10] Herzog, T.R., Hayes, L.J., Applin, R.C. and Weatherly, A.M. (2010) Compatibility: An Experimental Demonstration. Environmental Psychology, 43, 90-105. [11] Bergdahl, J. and Bergdahl, M. (2002) Perceived Stress in Adults: Prevalence and Association of Depression, Anxiety and Medication in a Swedish Population. Stress and Health, 18, 235-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.946 [12] Pbert, L., Doerfler, L.A. and Decosimo, D. (1992) An Evaluation of the Perceived Stress Scale in Two Clinical Popu- lations. Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 14. [13] Weekes, N.Y., Maclean, J. and Berger, D.E. (2005) Sex, Stress, and Health: Does Stress Predict Health Symptoms dif- ferently for the Two Sexes? Stress and Health, 21, 147-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.1046 [14] Lee, E.H. (2012) Review of the Psychometric Evidence of the Perceived Stress Scale. Asian Nursing Research, 6, 121-127. [15] Cohen, S., Karmarck, T. and Mermelstein, R. (1983) A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Health and Social Behavior, 24, 385-396. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2136404 [16] Berto, R., Baroni, M.R., Zainaghi, A. and Bettella, S. (2010) An Exploratory Study of the Effect of High and Low Fas- cination Environments on Attentional Fatigue. Environmental Psychology, 30, 494-500. [17] Tennessen, C.M. and Cimprich, B. (1995) Views to Nature: Effects on Attention. Environmental Psychology, 15, 77- 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90016-0 [18] O’Craven, K.M., Rosen, B.R., Kwong, K.K., Treisman, A. and Savoy, R.L. (1997) Voluntary Attention Modulates Fmri Activity in Human MT-MST. Neuron, 18, 591-598. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80300-1 [19] Grinde, B. and Patil, G.G. (2009) Does Visual Contact with Nature Impact on Health and Well-Being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6, 2332-2343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6092332 [20] Cole, D.N. and Hall, T.E. (2010) Experiencing the Restorative Components of Wil-derness Environments: Does Con- gestion Interfere and Does Length of Exposure Matter. Environment and Behavior, 42, 806-823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916509347248 [21] Bulut, Z., Karahan, F. and Sezen, I. (2010) Determining Visual Beauties of Natural Waterscapes: A Case Study of Tor-tum Valley. Scientific Research and Essay, 5, 170-182. [22] Thompson, C.W. (2011) Linking Landscape and Health: The Recurring Theme. Landscape and Urban Planning, 99, 187-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.10.006 [23] Hartig, T., Berg, V.D., A.E., Hagerhall, C.M., Tomalak, M., Bauer, N., Hansmann, R., Ojala, A., Singolliton, E. and Carrus, G. (2011) Health Benefits of Nature Experience: Psychological, Social, and Cultural Processes. Forests, Trees and Human Health. [24] Laumann, K., Garling, T. and Stormark, K.M. (2003) Selective Attention and Heart Rate Responses to Natural and Urban Environments. Environmental Psychology, 23, 125-134. [25] Andreou, E., Alexopoulos, E.C., Lionis, C., Varvogli, L., Gnardellis, C., Chrousos, G.P. and Darviri, C. (2011) Perceived Stress Scale: Reliability and Validity Study in Greece. Environmental Research and Public Health, 8, 3287- 3298. [26] Hartig, T., Korpela, K., Evans, G.W. and Garling, T. (1997) A Measure of Restorative Quality in Environments. Scandinavian Housing & Planning Research, 14, 175-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02815739708730435 [27] Laumann, K., Garling, T. and Stormark, K.M. (2001) Rating Scale Measures of Restorative Components of Environments. Environmental Psychology, 21, 31-44. [28] Creswell, J.W. (2012) Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 4th Edition, Pearson Education Inc., USA.