Cranial Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: An Update of Metabolites and a Special Emphasis on Practical Points
Affiliation(s)
1 Centermed Advanced Imaging Center, Istanbul, Turkey. 2 Depatment of Radiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
1 Centermed Advanced Imaging Center, Istanbul, Turkey. 2 Depatment of Radiology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
ABSTRACT
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) could be used for dozens of metabolites [1]. In this paper we will focus especially on proton (hydrogen) MRS. Generally published literatures consist of reviews and articles about metabolites are long, complicated and emphasise on physical or on technical data. But with this article, we will try to explain basically how MRS could be used in daily practice of radiologists. First of all we tried to search all current literature only referencing the main ones to make this review and we want all of our colleagues to give feedback about this review. With collection of all these trick points and line up to appropriate order, it is possible to make this review a common guide for radiologists and a useful tool while reporting MRS.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) could be used for dozens of metabolites [1]. In this paper we will focus especially on proton (hydrogen) MRS. Generally published literatures consist of reviews and articles about metabolites are long, complicated and emphasise on physical or on technical data. But with this article, we will try to explain basically how MRS could be used in daily practice of radiologists. First of all we tried to search all current literature only referencing the main ones to make this review and we want all of our colleagues to give feedback about this review. With collection of all these trick points and line up to appropriate order, it is possible to make this review a common guide for radiologists and a useful tool while reporting MRS.
Cite this paper
Yildirim, D. , Tutar, O. , Alis, D. , Kuyumcu, G. and Bakan, S. (2014) Cranial Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: An Update of Metabolites and a Special Emphasis on Practical Points. Open Journal of Medical Imaging, 4, 163-171. doi: 10.4236/ojmi.2014.44023.
Yildirim, D. , Tutar, O. , Alis, D. , Kuyumcu, G. and Bakan, S. (2014) Cranial Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: An Update of Metabolites and a Special Emphasis on Practical Points. Open Journal of Medical Imaging, 4, 163-171. doi: 10.4236/ojmi.2014.44023.
References
[1] Oz, G., Alger, J.R., Barker, P.B., Bartha, R. and Bizzi, A. (2014) MRS Consensus Group. Clinical Proton MR Spectroscopy in Central Nervous system Disorders. Radiology, 270, 658-679.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13130531 [2] Burtscher, I.M. and Holtas, S. (2001) Proton MR Spectroscopy in Clinical Routine. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 13, 560-567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.1079 [3] Frahm, J., Merboldt, K.D. and Hanicke, W. (1969) Localised Proton Spectroscopy Using Stimulated Echoes. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 72, 502-508. [4] Gillard, J.H., Waldman, A.D. and Barker, P.B. (2005) Clinical MR Neuroimaging. Cambridge University Press, New York. [5] Zimmerman, R.A. and Wang, Z.J. (1997) The Value of Proton MR Spectroscopy in Pediatric Metabolic Brain Disease. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 18, 1872-1879. [6] Kreis, R., Ernst, T. and Ross, B.D. (1993) Absolute Quantitation of Water and Metabolites in the Human Brain. II, Metabolite Concentrations. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Series B, 102, 9-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmrb.1993.1056 [7] Doyle, T.J., Bedell, B.J. and Narayana, P. (1995) Relative Concentrations of Proton MR Visible Neurochemicals in Gray and White Matter in Human Brain. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 33, 755-759.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910330603 [8] Soher, B.J., van Zijl, P., Duyn, J.H. and Barker, P.B. (1996) Quantitative Proton MR Spectroscopic Imaging of the Human Brain. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 35, 356-363.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910350313 [9] Maheshwari, S.R., Fatterpekar, G.M., Castillo, M. and Mukherji, S.K. (2000) Proton MR Spectroscopy of the Brain. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI, 21, 434-451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0887-2171(00)90036-2 [10] Danielsen, E.R., Ross, B. and Danielsen, E.R. (1999) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Diagnosis of Neurological Diseases. Marcel Dekker, New York, 30-34. [11] Castillo, M., Kwock, L., Scatliff, J. and Mukherji, S.K. (1998) Proton MR Spectroscopy in Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Brain Disorders. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, 6, 1-20. [12] Miller, B.L., Moats, R.A., Shonk, T., Ernst, T., Woolley, S. and Ross, B.D. (1993) Alzheimer Disease: Depiction of Increased Cerebral Myo-Inositol with Proton MR Spectroscopy. Radiology, 187, 433-437.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.187.2.8475286 [13] Ernst, T., Chang, L., Melchor, R. and Mehringer, C.M. (1997) Frontotemporal Dementia and Early Alzheimer Disease: Differentiation with Frontal Lobe H-1 MR Spectroscopy. Radiology, 203, 829-836.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.203.3.9169712 [14] Terek, D., Koroglu, O.A., Gunes, S., Yalaz, M., Akisu, M., U?ar, S.K., Gokben, S., Coker, M. and Kultursay, N. (2012) Diagnostic Tools of Metabolic and Structural Brain Disturbances in Neonatal Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia. Pediatrics International, 54, 717-720.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2012.03591.x [15] Wozniak, J.R. and Lim, K.O. (2006) Advances in White Matter Imaging: A Review of in Vivo Magnetic Resonance Methodologies and Their Applicability to the Study of Development and Aging. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 762-774.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.003 [16] Córdoba, J., Sanpedro, F., Alonso, J. and Rovira, A. (2002) 1H Magnetic Resonance in the Study of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Humans. Metabolic Brain Disease, 17, 415-429.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021926405944 [17] Novotny, E.J., Fulbright, R.K., Pearl, P.L., Gibson, K.M. and Rothman, D.L. (2003) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Neurotransmitters in Human Brain. Annals of Neurology, 54, 25-31.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.10697 [18] O’Gorman, R.L., Michels, L., Edden, R.A., Murdoch, J.B. and Martin, E. (2011) In Vivo Detection of GABA and Glutamate with MEGA-PRESS: Reproducibility and Gender Effect. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 33, 1262-1267.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.22520 [19] Lazovic, J., Soto, H., Piccioni, D., Ru, J.R.L., Li, S., Mirsadraei, L. and Pop, B.W. (2012) Detection of 2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid in Vivo by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in U87 Glioma Cells Overexpressing Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-1 Mutation. Neuro-Oncology, 14, 1465-1472. [20] Elkhaled, A., Jalbert, L.E., Phillips, J.J., Yoshihara, H.A., Parvataneni, R., Srinivasan, R. and Nelson, S.J. (2012) Magnetic Resonance of 2-Hydroxyglutarate in IDH1-Mutated Low-Grade Gliomas. Science Translational Medicine, 4, 116ra5. [21] Kaminogo, M., Ishimaru, H., Morikawa, M., Ochi, M., Ushijima, R., Tani, M. and Shibata, S. (2001) Diagnostic Potential of Short Echo Time MR Spectroscopy of Gliomas with Single-Voxel and Point-Resolved Spatially Localized Proton Spectroscopy of Brain. Neuroradiology, 43, 353-363.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340000473 [22] Zand, D.J., Simon, E.M., Pulitzer, S.B., Wang, D.J., Wang, Z.J., Rorke, L.B., Palmieri, M. and Berry, G.T. (2003) In Vivo Pyruvate Detected by MR Spectroscopy in Neonatal Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 24, 1471-1474. [23] Rae, C.D. (2014) A Guide to the Metabolic Pathways and Function of Metabolites Observed in Human Brain 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectra. Neurochemical Research, 39, 1-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-013-1199-5 [24] Panigrahy, A. and Blüml, S. (2009) Neuroimaging of Pediatric Brain Tumors: From Basic to Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Child Neurology, 24, 1343-1365.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073809342129 [25] Blüml, S., Panigrahy, A., Laskov, M., Dhall, G., Krieger, M.D., Nelson, M.D. and Gilles, F.H. (2011) Elevated Citrate in Pediatric Astrocytomas with Malignant Progression. Neuro-Oncology, 13, 1107-1117.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nor087 [26] Mohammad, F.F., Hasan, D.I. and Ammar, M.G. (2014) MR Spectroscopy and Diffusion MR Imaging in Characterisation of Common Sellar and Supra-Sellar Neoplastic Lesions. The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, 45, 859-867.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrnm.2014.04.012 [27] Yue, Q., Isobe, T., Shibata, Y., Anno, I., Kawamura, H., Yamamoto, Y. and Matsumura, A. (2008) New Observations Concerning the Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Meningioma. European Radiology, 18, 2901-2911.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-008-1079-6 [28] Castillo, M., Kwock, L. and Mukherji, S.K. (1996) Clinical Applications of Proton MR Spectroscopy. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 17, 1-15. [29] Gillard, J.H., Waldman, A.D. and Barker, P.B. (2005) Clinical MR Neuroimaging. Cambridge University Press, New York. [30] Luthra, G., Parihar, A., Nath, K., Jaiswal, S., Prasad, K.N., Husain, N. and Gupta, R.K. (2007) Comparative Evaluation of Fungal, Tubercular, and Pyogenic Brain Abscesses with Conventional and Diffusion MR Imaging and Proton MR Spectroscopy. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 28, 1332-1338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0548 [31] Cecil, K.M. and Lenkinski, R.E. (1998) Proton MR Spectroscopy in Inflammatory and Infectious Brain Disorders. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, 8, 863-880. [32] Lai, P.H., Li, K.T., Hsu, S.S., Hsiao, C.C., Yip, C.W., Ding, S. and Pan, H.B. (2005) Pyogenic Brain Abscess: Findings from in Vivo 1.5-T and 11.7-T in Vitro Proton MR Spectroscopy. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 26, 279-288. [33] Narayana, P.A. (2005) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Neuroimaging, 15, 46-57.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1051228405284200 [34] Narayana, P.A., Doyle, T.J., Lai, D. and Wolinsky, J.S. (1998) Serial Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging, Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Quantitative Lesion Volumetry in Multiple Sclerosis. Annals of Neurology, 43, 56-57.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410430112 [35] Savranlar, A., Ozer, T., Aydemir, S., Alkan, A. and Borazan, A. (2005) Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Findings of Wilson’s Disease Case Report. Journal of Neurological Sciences (Turkish), 22, 297-303. [36] Saksena, S., Rai, V., Saraswat, V.A., Rathore, R.S., Purwar, A., Kumar, M. and Gupta, R.K. (2008) Cerebral Diffusion Tensor Imaging and in Vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Patients with Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 23, 111-119.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05158.x [37] Brand, A., Richter-Landsberg, C. and Leibfritz, D. (1993) Multinuclear NMR Studies on the Energy Metabolism of Glial and Neuronal Cells. Developmental Neuroscience, 15, 289-298.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000111347 [38] Stafstrom, C.E. (2004) Dietary Approaches to Epilepsy Treatment: Old and New Options on the Men. Epilepsy Currents, 4, 215-222.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7597.2004.46001.x [39] Rock, J.P., Hearshen, D., Scarpace, L., Croteau, D., Gutierrez, J., Fisher, J.L. and Mikkelsen, T. (2002) Correlations between Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Image-Guided Histopathology, with Special Attention to Radiation Necrosis. Neurosurgery, 51, 912-920. [40] Davanzo, P., Thomas, M.A., Yue, K., Oshiro, T., Belin, T., Strober, M. and McCracken, J. (2001) Decreased Anterior Cingulate Myo-Inositol/Creatine Spectroscopy Resonance with Lithium Treatment in Children with Bipolar Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 359-369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00207-4 [41] Kleihues, P. and Cavenee, W.K. (2000) Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Nervous System. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon. [42] Chinn, R.J., Wilkinson, I.D., Hall-Craggs, M.A., Paley, M.N., Miller, R.F., Kendall, B.E. and Harrison, M.J. (1995) Toxoplasmosis and Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma in HIV Infection: Diagnosis with MR Spectroscopy. Radiology, 197, 649-654.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.197.3.7480733 [43] Schultz Jr., K.D., Petronio, J., Narad, C. and Hunter, S.B. (1997) Solitary Intracerebral Juvenile Xanthogranuloma. Pediatric Neurosurgery, 26, 315-321.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000121212 [44] Howe, F.A., Barton, S.J., Cudlip, S.A., Stubbs, M., Saunders, D.E., Murphy, M. and Griffiths, J.R. (2003) Metabolic Profiles of Human Brain Tumors Using Quantitative in Vivo 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 49, 223-232.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.10367 [45] Furuya, S., Naruse, S., Ide, M., Morishita, H.E., Kizu, O., Ueda, S. and Maeda, T. (1997) Evaluation of Metabolic Heterogeneity in Brain Tumors Using 1H-Chemical Shift Imaging Method. NMR in Biomedicine, 10, 25-30.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1492(199701)10:1<25::AID-NBM445>3.0.CO;2-M
[1] Oz, G., Alger, J.R., Barker, P.B., Bartha, R. and Bizzi, A. (2014) MRS Consensus Group. Clinical Proton MR Spectroscopy in Central Nervous system Disorders. Radiology, 270, 658-679.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.13130531 [2] Burtscher, I.M. and Holtas, S. (2001) Proton MR Spectroscopy in Clinical Routine. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 13, 560-567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.1079 [3] Frahm, J., Merboldt, K.D. and Hanicke, W. (1969) Localised Proton Spectroscopy Using Stimulated Echoes. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 72, 502-508. [4] Gillard, J.H., Waldman, A.D. and Barker, P.B. (2005) Clinical MR Neuroimaging. Cambridge University Press, New York. [5] Zimmerman, R.A. and Wang, Z.J. (1997) The Value of Proton MR Spectroscopy in Pediatric Metabolic Brain Disease. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 18, 1872-1879. [6] Kreis, R., Ernst, T. and Ross, B.D. (1993) Absolute Quantitation of Water and Metabolites in the Human Brain. II, Metabolite Concentrations. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, Series B, 102, 9-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmrb.1993.1056 [7] Doyle, T.J., Bedell, B.J. and Narayana, P. (1995) Relative Concentrations of Proton MR Visible Neurochemicals in Gray and White Matter in Human Brain. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 33, 755-759.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910330603 [8] Soher, B.J., van Zijl, P., Duyn, J.H. and Barker, P.B. (1996) Quantitative Proton MR Spectroscopic Imaging of the Human Brain. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 35, 356-363.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910350313 [9] Maheshwari, S.R., Fatterpekar, G.M., Castillo, M. and Mukherji, S.K. (2000) Proton MR Spectroscopy of the Brain. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI, 21, 434-451.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0887-2171(00)90036-2 [10] Danielsen, E.R., Ross, B. and Danielsen, E.R. (1999) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Diagnosis of Neurological Diseases. Marcel Dekker, New York, 30-34. [11] Castillo, M., Kwock, L., Scatliff, J. and Mukherji, S.K. (1998) Proton MR Spectroscopy in Neoplastic and Non-Neoplastic Brain Disorders. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, 6, 1-20. [12] Miller, B.L., Moats, R.A., Shonk, T., Ernst, T., Woolley, S. and Ross, B.D. (1993) Alzheimer Disease: Depiction of Increased Cerebral Myo-Inositol with Proton MR Spectroscopy. Radiology, 187, 433-437.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.187.2.8475286 [13] Ernst, T., Chang, L., Melchor, R. and Mehringer, C.M. (1997) Frontotemporal Dementia and Early Alzheimer Disease: Differentiation with Frontal Lobe H-1 MR Spectroscopy. Radiology, 203, 829-836.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.203.3.9169712 [14] Terek, D., Koroglu, O.A., Gunes, S., Yalaz, M., Akisu, M., U?ar, S.K., Gokben, S., Coker, M. and Kultursay, N. (2012) Diagnostic Tools of Metabolic and Structural Brain Disturbances in Neonatal Non-Ketotic Hyperglycinemia. Pediatrics International, 54, 717-720.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.2012.03591.x [15] Wozniak, J.R. and Lim, K.O. (2006) Advances in White Matter Imaging: A Review of in Vivo Magnetic Resonance Methodologies and Their Applicability to the Study of Development and Aging. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 762-774.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2006.06.003 [16] Córdoba, J., Sanpedro, F., Alonso, J. and Rovira, A. (2002) 1H Magnetic Resonance in the Study of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Humans. Metabolic Brain Disease, 17, 415-429.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021926405944 [17] Novotny, E.J., Fulbright, R.K., Pearl, P.L., Gibson, K.M. and Rothman, D.L. (2003) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Neurotransmitters in Human Brain. Annals of Neurology, 54, 25-31.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.10697 [18] O’Gorman, R.L., Michels, L., Edden, R.A., Murdoch, J.B. and Martin, E. (2011) In Vivo Detection of GABA and Glutamate with MEGA-PRESS: Reproducibility and Gender Effect. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 33, 1262-1267.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.22520 [19] Lazovic, J., Soto, H., Piccioni, D., Ru, J.R.L., Li, S., Mirsadraei, L. and Pop, B.W. (2012) Detection of 2-Hydroxyglutaric Acid in Vivo by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in U87 Glioma Cells Overexpressing Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-1 Mutation. Neuro-Oncology, 14, 1465-1472. [20] Elkhaled, A., Jalbert, L.E., Phillips, J.J., Yoshihara, H.A., Parvataneni, R., Srinivasan, R. and Nelson, S.J. (2012) Magnetic Resonance of 2-Hydroxyglutarate in IDH1-Mutated Low-Grade Gliomas. Science Translational Medicine, 4, 116ra5. [21] Kaminogo, M., Ishimaru, H., Morikawa, M., Ochi, M., Ushijima, R., Tani, M. and Shibata, S. (2001) Diagnostic Potential of Short Echo Time MR Spectroscopy of Gliomas with Single-Voxel and Point-Resolved Spatially Localized Proton Spectroscopy of Brain. Neuroradiology, 43, 353-363.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340000473 [22] Zand, D.J., Simon, E.M., Pulitzer, S.B., Wang, D.J., Wang, Z.J., Rorke, L.B., Palmieri, M. and Berry, G.T. (2003) In Vivo Pyruvate Detected by MR Spectroscopy in Neonatal Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 24, 1471-1474. [23] Rae, C.D. (2014) A Guide to the Metabolic Pathways and Function of Metabolites Observed in Human Brain 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectra. Neurochemical Research, 39, 1-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-013-1199-5 [24] Panigrahy, A. and Blüml, S. (2009) Neuroimaging of Pediatric Brain Tumors: From Basic to Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Child Neurology, 24, 1343-1365.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0883073809342129 [25] Blüml, S., Panigrahy, A., Laskov, M., Dhall, G., Krieger, M.D., Nelson, M.D. and Gilles, F.H. (2011) Elevated Citrate in Pediatric Astrocytomas with Malignant Progression. Neuro-Oncology, 13, 1107-1117.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/nor087 [26] Mohammad, F.F., Hasan, D.I. and Ammar, M.G. (2014) MR Spectroscopy and Diffusion MR Imaging in Characterisation of Common Sellar and Supra-Sellar Neoplastic Lesions. The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, 45, 859-867.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrnm.2014.04.012 [27] Yue, Q., Isobe, T., Shibata, Y., Anno, I., Kawamura, H., Yamamoto, Y. and Matsumura, A. (2008) New Observations Concerning the Interpretation of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Meningioma. European Radiology, 18, 2901-2911.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-008-1079-6 [28] Castillo, M., Kwock, L. and Mukherji, S.K. (1996) Clinical Applications of Proton MR Spectroscopy. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 17, 1-15. [29] Gillard, J.H., Waldman, A.D. and Barker, P.B. (2005) Clinical MR Neuroimaging. Cambridge University Press, New York. [30] Luthra, G., Parihar, A., Nath, K., Jaiswal, S., Prasad, K.N., Husain, N. and Gupta, R.K. (2007) Comparative Evaluation of Fungal, Tubercular, and Pyogenic Brain Abscesses with Conventional and Diffusion MR Imaging and Proton MR Spectroscopy. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 28, 1332-1338.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A0548 [31] Cecil, K.M. and Lenkinski, R.E. (1998) Proton MR Spectroscopy in Inflammatory and Infectious Brain Disorders. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America, 8, 863-880. [32] Lai, P.H., Li, K.T., Hsu, S.S., Hsiao, C.C., Yip, C.W., Ding, S. and Pan, H.B. (2005) Pyogenic Brain Abscess: Findings from in Vivo 1.5-T and 11.7-T in Vitro Proton MR Spectroscopy. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 26, 279-288. [33] Narayana, P.A. (2005) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in the Monitoring of Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Neuroimaging, 15, 46-57.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1051228405284200 [34] Narayana, P.A., Doyle, T.J., Lai, D. and Wolinsky, J.S. (1998) Serial Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging, Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Quantitative Lesion Volumetry in Multiple Sclerosis. Annals of Neurology, 43, 56-57.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.410430112 [35] Savranlar, A., Ozer, T., Aydemir, S., Alkan, A. and Borazan, A. (2005) Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Findings of Wilson’s Disease Case Report. Journal of Neurological Sciences (Turkish), 22, 297-303. [36] Saksena, S., Rai, V., Saraswat, V.A., Rathore, R.S., Purwar, A., Kumar, M. and Gupta, R.K. (2008) Cerebral Diffusion Tensor Imaging and in Vivo Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Patients with Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 23, 111-119.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2007.05158.x [37] Brand, A., Richter-Landsberg, C. and Leibfritz, D. (1993) Multinuclear NMR Studies on the Energy Metabolism of Glial and Neuronal Cells. Developmental Neuroscience, 15, 289-298.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000111347 [38] Stafstrom, C.E. (2004) Dietary Approaches to Epilepsy Treatment: Old and New Options on the Men. Epilepsy Currents, 4, 215-222.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7597.2004.46001.x [39] Rock, J.P., Hearshen, D., Scarpace, L., Croteau, D., Gutierrez, J., Fisher, J.L. and Mikkelsen, T. (2002) Correlations between Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Image-Guided Histopathology, with Special Attention to Radiation Necrosis. Neurosurgery, 51, 912-920. [40] Davanzo, P., Thomas, M.A., Yue, K., Oshiro, T., Belin, T., Strober, M. and McCracken, J. (2001) Decreased Anterior Cingulate Myo-Inositol/Creatine Spectroscopy Resonance with Lithium Treatment in Children with Bipolar Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 359-369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00207-4 [41] Kleihues, P. and Cavenee, W.K. (2000) Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Nervous System. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon. [42] Chinn, R.J., Wilkinson, I.D., Hall-Craggs, M.A., Paley, M.N., Miller, R.F., Kendall, B.E. and Harrison, M.J. (1995) Toxoplasmosis and Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma in HIV Infection: Diagnosis with MR Spectroscopy. Radiology, 197, 649-654.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.197.3.7480733 [43] Schultz Jr., K.D., Petronio, J., Narad, C. and Hunter, S.B. (1997) Solitary Intracerebral Juvenile Xanthogranuloma. Pediatric Neurosurgery, 26, 315-321.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000121212 [44] Howe, F.A., Barton, S.J., Cudlip, S.A., Stubbs, M., Saunders, D.E., Murphy, M. and Griffiths, J.R. (2003) Metabolic Profiles of Human Brain Tumors Using Quantitative in Vivo 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 49, 223-232.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.10367 [45] Furuya, S., Naruse, S., Ide, M., Morishita, H.E., Kizu, O., Ueda, S. and Maeda, T. (1997) Evaluation of Metabolic Heterogeneity in Brain Tumors Using 1H-Chemical Shift Imaging Method. NMR in Biomedicine, 10, 25-30.
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