Synthesis of Tantalum Hydride Using Mechanical Milling and Its Characterization by XRD, SEM, and TGA
ABSTRACT
In this paper, we report the results obtained from different phases of metal hydrides. The synthesis and characterization of tantalum hydrides were obtained “in situ” during mechanical milling. Elemental Ta with purity of 99.8% was used in this investigation to obtain the hydrides. A highenergy ball milling technique was utilized to prepare hydrogenated phases. Ta hydrides and oxides were formed as function of milling process time. Milling times of 5, 10 and 20 hours were programmed, and the ball-to-powder weight ratio was 10:1. The material was first characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Before and after hydrogenation process the material was also analyzed by TGA. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that only tantalum hydrides (Ta2H and TaH0.5) were obtained after 20 h of milling. We will discuss the effect of the ball-milling process about formation “in situ” of nanometric tantalum hydrides with methanol as a hydrogen source.
In this paper, we report the results obtained from different phases of metal hydrides. The synthesis and characterization of tantalum hydrides were obtained “in situ” during mechanical milling. Elemental Ta with purity of 99.8% was used in this investigation to obtain the hydrides. A highenergy ball milling technique was utilized to prepare hydrogenated phases. Ta hydrides and oxides were formed as function of milling process time. Milling times of 5, 10 and 20 hours were programmed, and the ball-to-powder weight ratio was 10:1. The material was first characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Before and after hydrogenation process the material was also analyzed by TGA. X-ray diffraction analysis demonstrated that only tantalum hydrides (Ta2H and TaH0.5) were obtained after 20 h of milling. We will discuss the effect of the ball-milling process about formation “in situ” of nanometric tantalum hydrides with methanol as a hydrogen source.
Cite this paper
Iturbe-García, J. and López-Muñoz, B. (2014) Synthesis of Tantalum Hydride Using Mechanical Milling and Its Characterization by XRD, SEM, and TGA. Advances in Nanoparticles, 3, 159-166. doi: 10.4236/anp.2014.34020.
Iturbe-García, J. and López-Muñoz, B. (2014) Synthesis of Tantalum Hydride Using Mechanical Milling and Its Characterization by XRD, SEM, and TGA. Advances in Nanoparticles, 3, 159-166. doi: 10.4236/anp.2014.34020.
References
[1] Gutfleisch, O., Dal Toè, S., Herrich, M., Handstein, A. and Pratt, A. (2005) Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Mg-1 wt.% Ni-0.2 wt.% Pd Prepared by Reactive Milling. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 404-406, 413-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.09.083 [2] Yoonyoung, K., Eung-Kyu, L., Jae-Hyeok, S., Young, W.C. and Kyung, B.Y. (2006) Mechanochemical Synthesis and Thermal Descomposition of Mg(AlH4)2. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 422, 283-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.11.063 [3] Suryanarayana, C. (2001) Mechanical Alloying and Milling. Progress in Materials Science, 46, 1-184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6425(99)00010-9 [4] Gross, K.J., Chartouni, D., Leroy, E., Zuttel, A. and Schlapbach, L. (1998) Mechanically Milled Mg Composites for Hydrogen Storage: The Relationship between Morphology and Kinetics. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 259-270. [5] Fecht, H.J., Hellstern, E., Fu, Z. and Johnson, W.L. (1990) Nanocrystalline Metals Prepared by High-Energy Ball Milling. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 21, 2333-2337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02646980 [6] Balema, V.P., Wiench, J.W., Pruski, M. and Pecharsky, V.K. (2002) Mechanically Induced Solid-State Generation of Phosphorus Ylides and the Solvent-Free Wittig Reaction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124, 6244-6245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja017908p [7] Mamatha, M., Weidenthaler, C., Pommerin, A., Felderhoff, M. and Schüth, F. (2006) Comparative Studies of the Decomposition of Alanates Followed by in Situ XRD and DSC Methods. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 416, 303- 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.09.004 [8] Mamatha, M., Bogdanovic, B., Felderhoff, M., Pommerin, A., Schmidt, W. and Schüth, F. (2006) Mechanochemical Preparation and Investigation of Properties of Magnesium, Calcium and Lithium-Magnesium Alanates. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 407, 78-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.06.069 [9] Lohstroh, W., Roth, A., Hahn, H. and Fichtner, M. (2010) Thermodynamic Effects in Nanoscale NaAlH4. ChemPhysChem, 11, 789-792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200900767 [10] Balema, V.P. and Balema, L. (2005) Missing Pieces of the Puzzle or about Some Unresolved Issues in Solid State Chemistry of Alkali Metal Aluminohydrides. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 7, 1310-1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b419490j [11] Chaudhuri, S., Graetz, J., Ignatov, A., Reilly, J.J. and Muckerman, J.T. (2006) Understanding the Role of Ti in Reversible Hydrogen Storage as Sodium Alanate: A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Theoretical Approach. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128, 11404-11415.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja060437s [12] Von Colbe, J.M.B., Felderhoff, M., Bogdanovic, B., Schüth, F. and Weidenthaler, C. (2005) One-Step Direct Synthesis of a Ti-Doped Sodium Alanate Hydrogen Storage Material. Chemical Communications, 4732-4734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b506502j [13] Huot, J., Boily, S., Guther, V. and Schulz, R. (1999) Synthesis of Na3AlH6 and Na2LiAlH6 by Mechanical Alloying. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 383, 304-306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(98)00875-5 [14] Kojima, Y., Kawai, Y., Hagab, T., Matsumoto, M. and Koiwai, A. (2007) Direct Formation of LiAlH4 by a Mechanochemical Reaction. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 441, 189-191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.08.343 [15] Balema, V.P., Pecharsky, V.K. and Dennis, K.W. (2000) Solid State Phase Transformations in LiAlH4 during High- Energy Ball-Milling. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 313, 69-74.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(00)01201-9 [16] Mamatha, M., Bogdanovic, B., Felderhoff, M., Pommerin, A., Schmidt, W., Schuth, F. and Weidenthaler, C. (2006) Mechanochemical Preparation and Investigation of Properties of Magnesium, Calcium and Lithium-Magnesium Alanates. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 407, 78-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.06.069 [17] Vajo, J.J. and Olson, G.L. (2007) Hydrogen Storage in Destabilized Chemical Systems. Scripta Materialia, 56, 829- 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.01.002 [18] Zhang, Y., Zhang, W.-S., Wang, A.-Q., Sun, L.-X., Fan, M.-Q., Chu, H.-L., Sun, J.-C. and Zhang, T. (2007) LiBH4 Nanoparticles Supported by Disordered Mesoporous Carbon: Hydrogen Storage Performances and Destabilization Mechanisms. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32, 3976-3980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.04.010 [19] Liu, B.H. and Li, Z.P. (2009) A Review: Hydrogen Generation from Borohydride Hydrolysis Reaction. Journal of Power Sources, 187, 527-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.032 [20] Miller, G.L. (1959) Corrosion by Chemicals, Gases and Liquids Metals. In: Finniston, H.M., Ed., Metallurgy of the Rarer Metals-6, Tantalum and Niobium, Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, 431-543. [21] Park, K.Y., Kim, H.J. and Suh, Y.J. (2007) Preparation of Tantalum Nanopowders through Hydrogen Reduction of TaCl5 Vapor. Powder Technology, 172, 144-148.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2006.11.011 [22] Rothenberger, K.S., Howard, B.H., Killmeyer, R.P., Enick, R.M., Bustamante, F., Ciocco, M.V., Morreale, B.D. and Buxbaum, E. (2003) Evaluation of Tantalum-Based Materials for Hydrogen Separation at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures. Journal of Membrane Science, 218, 19-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(03)00134-0 [23] Porschke, E., Shaltiel, D., Klatt, K.H. and Wenzl, H. (1986) Hydrogen Desorption from Tantalum with Segregated Oxide Surface Layers. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 47, 1003-1011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(86)90116-2 [24] Esayed, A.Y. and Northwood, D.O. (1992) Metal Hydrides: A Review of Group V Transition Metals—Niobium, Vanadium and Tanalum. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 17, 41-52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(92)90220-Q
[1] Gutfleisch, O., Dal Toè, S., Herrich, M., Handstein, A. and Pratt, A. (2005) Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Mg-1 wt.% Ni-0.2 wt.% Pd Prepared by Reactive Milling. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 404-406, 413-416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.09.083 [2] Yoonyoung, K., Eung-Kyu, L., Jae-Hyeok, S., Young, W.C. and Kyung, B.Y. (2006) Mechanochemical Synthesis and Thermal Descomposition of Mg(AlH4)2. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 422, 283-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.11.063 [3] Suryanarayana, C. (2001) Mechanical Alloying and Milling. Progress in Materials Science, 46, 1-184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6425(99)00010-9 [4] Gross, K.J., Chartouni, D., Leroy, E., Zuttel, A. and Schlapbach, L. (1998) Mechanically Milled Mg Composites for Hydrogen Storage: The Relationship between Morphology and Kinetics. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 259-270. [5] Fecht, H.J., Hellstern, E., Fu, Z. and Johnson, W.L. (1990) Nanocrystalline Metals Prepared by High-Energy Ball Milling. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 21, 2333-2337.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02646980 [6] Balema, V.P., Wiench, J.W., Pruski, M. and Pecharsky, V.K. (2002) Mechanically Induced Solid-State Generation of Phosphorus Ylides and the Solvent-Free Wittig Reaction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124, 6244-6245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja017908p [7] Mamatha, M., Weidenthaler, C., Pommerin, A., Felderhoff, M. and Schüth, F. (2006) Comparative Studies of the Decomposition of Alanates Followed by in Situ XRD and DSC Methods. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 416, 303- 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.09.004 [8] Mamatha, M., Bogdanovic, B., Felderhoff, M., Pommerin, A., Schmidt, W. and Schüth, F. (2006) Mechanochemical Preparation and Investigation of Properties of Magnesium, Calcium and Lithium-Magnesium Alanates. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 407, 78-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.06.069 [9] Lohstroh, W., Roth, A., Hahn, H. and Fichtner, M. (2010) Thermodynamic Effects in Nanoscale NaAlH4. ChemPhysChem, 11, 789-792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cphc.200900767 [10] Balema, V.P. and Balema, L. (2005) Missing Pieces of the Puzzle or about Some Unresolved Issues in Solid State Chemistry of Alkali Metal Aluminohydrides. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 7, 1310-1314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b419490j [11] Chaudhuri, S., Graetz, J., Ignatov, A., Reilly, J.J. and Muckerman, J.T. (2006) Understanding the Role of Ti in Reversible Hydrogen Storage as Sodium Alanate: A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Theoretical Approach. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 128, 11404-11415.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja060437s [12] Von Colbe, J.M.B., Felderhoff, M., Bogdanovic, B., Schüth, F. and Weidenthaler, C. (2005) One-Step Direct Synthesis of a Ti-Doped Sodium Alanate Hydrogen Storage Material. Chemical Communications, 4732-4734. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b506502j [13] Huot, J., Boily, S., Guther, V. and Schulz, R. (1999) Synthesis of Na3AlH6 and Na2LiAlH6 by Mechanical Alloying. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 383, 304-306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(98)00875-5 [14] Kojima, Y., Kawai, Y., Hagab, T., Matsumoto, M. and Koiwai, A. (2007) Direct Formation of LiAlH4 by a Mechanochemical Reaction. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 441, 189-191.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.08.343 [15] Balema, V.P., Pecharsky, V.K. and Dennis, K.W. (2000) Solid State Phase Transformations in LiAlH4 during High- Energy Ball-Milling. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 313, 69-74.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(00)01201-9 [16] Mamatha, M., Bogdanovic, B., Felderhoff, M., Pommerin, A., Schmidt, W., Schuth, F. and Weidenthaler, C. (2006) Mechanochemical Preparation and Investigation of Properties of Magnesium, Calcium and Lithium-Magnesium Alanates. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 407, 78-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.06.069 [17] Vajo, J.J. and Olson, G.L. (2007) Hydrogen Storage in Destabilized Chemical Systems. Scripta Materialia, 56, 829- 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.01.002 [18] Zhang, Y., Zhang, W.-S., Wang, A.-Q., Sun, L.-X., Fan, M.-Q., Chu, H.-L., Sun, J.-C. and Zhang, T. (2007) LiBH4 Nanoparticles Supported by Disordered Mesoporous Carbon: Hydrogen Storage Performances and Destabilization Mechanisms. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32, 3976-3980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2007.04.010 [19] Liu, B.H. and Li, Z.P. (2009) A Review: Hydrogen Generation from Borohydride Hydrolysis Reaction. Journal of Power Sources, 187, 527-534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2008.11.032 [20] Miller, G.L. (1959) Corrosion by Chemicals, Gases and Liquids Metals. In: Finniston, H.M., Ed., Metallurgy of the Rarer Metals-6, Tantalum and Niobium, Butterworths Scientific Publications, London, 431-543. [21] Park, K.Y., Kim, H.J. and Suh, Y.J. (2007) Preparation of Tantalum Nanopowders through Hydrogen Reduction of TaCl5 Vapor. Powder Technology, 172, 144-148.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2006.11.011 [22] Rothenberger, K.S., Howard, B.H., Killmeyer, R.P., Enick, R.M., Bustamante, F., Ciocco, M.V., Morreale, B.D. and Buxbaum, E. (2003) Evaluation of Tantalum-Based Materials for Hydrogen Separation at Elevated Temperatures and Pressures. Journal of Membrane Science, 218, 19-37.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(03)00134-0 [23] Porschke, E., Shaltiel, D., Klatt, K.H. and Wenzl, H. (1986) Hydrogen Desorption from Tantalum with Segregated Oxide Surface Layers. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 47, 1003-1011.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(86)90116-2 [24] Esayed, A.Y. and Northwood, D.O. (1992) Metal Hydrides: A Review of Group V Transition Metals—Niobium, Vanadium and Tanalum. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 17, 41-52.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(92)90220-Q