Synthesis of Niobium Doped ZnO Nanoparticles by Electrochemical Method: Characterization, Photodegradation of Indigo Carmine Dye and Antibacterial Study
Affiliation(s)
1 Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, India. 2 Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, One University Circle, Macomb, USA.
1 Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, India. 2 Department of Chemistry, Western Illinois University, One University Circle, Macomb, USA.
ABSTRACT
Niobium doped Zincoxide nanoparticles has been synthesized through electrochemical method and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, ICPMS and EDAX data. The UV-Visible spectroscopy result reveals that the band gap energy of ZnO/Nb2O5 nanoparticles to be 3.8 eV. The XRD results show that the crystallite size is to be 31.9 nm. The ICPMS data indicate the presence of 3,3461,328 counts of 93 Nb and 577,906,390 counts of 66 Zn. An improvement in the photocatalytic degradation of Indigocarmine dye (IC) in comparison to commercially available pure ZnO was observed. The photodegradation efficiency for ZnO/Nb2O5 and ZnO were found to be 97.4% and 52.1% respectively. The enhancement in photocatalytic activity of ZnO/ Nb2O5 was ascribed to the extended light absorption range and suppression of electron hole pair recombination upon Nb loading. The antibacterial activity of ZnO/Nb2O5 nanoparticles was investigated. These particles were shown to have an effective bactericide.
Niobium doped Zincoxide nanoparticles has been synthesized through electrochemical method and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, IR Spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, ICPMS and EDAX data. The UV-Visible spectroscopy result reveals that the band gap energy of ZnO/Nb2O5 nanoparticles to be 3.8 eV. The XRD results show that the crystallite size is to be 31.9 nm. The ICPMS data indicate the presence of 3,3461,328 counts of 93 Nb and 577,906,390 counts of 66 Zn. An improvement in the photocatalytic degradation of Indigocarmine dye (IC) in comparison to commercially available pure ZnO was observed. The photodegradation efficiency for ZnO/Nb2O5 and ZnO were found to be 97.4% and 52.1% respectively. The enhancement in photocatalytic activity of ZnO/ Nb2O5 was ascribed to the extended light absorption range and suppression of electron hole pair recombination upon Nb loading. The antibacterial activity of ZnO/Nb2O5 nanoparticles was investigated. These particles were shown to have an effective bactericide.
KEYWORDS
ZnO/Nb2O5 Nanoparticles, Electrochemical Method, Niobium Coated Platinum Electrode (Pt/Nb), Indigo Carmine Dye (IC), E. coli
ZnO/Nb2O5 Nanoparticles, Electrochemical Method, Niobium Coated Platinum Electrode (Pt/Nb), Indigo Carmine Dye (IC), E. coli
Cite this paper
, R. , Ananda, S. , Gowda, N. and Raksha, K. (2014) Synthesis of Niobium Doped ZnO Nanoparticles by Electrochemical Method: Characterization, Photodegradation of Indigo Carmine Dye and Antibacterial Study. Advances in Nanoparticles, 3, 133-147. doi: 10.4236/anp.2014.34018.
, R. , Ananda, S. , Gowda, N. and Raksha, K. (2014) Synthesis of Niobium Doped ZnO Nanoparticles by Electrochemical Method: Characterization, Photodegradation of Indigo Carmine Dye and Antibacterial Study. Advances in Nanoparticles, 3, 133-147. doi: 10.4236/anp.2014.34018.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.033 [16] Zhang, Q., Fan, W. and Gao, L. (2007) Anatase TiO2 Nanoparticles Immobilized on ZnO Tetrapods as a Highly Efficient and Easily Recyclable Photocatalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 76, 168-173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.05.024 [17] Anandan, S., Vinu, A., Lovely, K.L.P.S., Gokulakrishnan, N., Srinivasu, P., Mori, T., Murugesan, V., Sivamurugan, V. and Ariga, K. (2007) Photocatalytic Activity of La-Diped ZnO for the Degradation of Monocrotophos in Aqueous Suspension. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 266, 149-157.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(03)00212-0 [19] Ekambaram, S., Likubo, Y. and Kudo, A. (2007) Combustion Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of Transition Metal-Incorporated ZnO. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 433, 237-240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.06.045 [20] Lin, H.F., Liao, S.C. and Hung, S.W. (2005) The dc Thermal Plasma Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles for Visible-Light Photocatalyst. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 174, 82-87.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.02.015 [21] Nyffenegger, R.M., Craft, B., Shaaban, M., Gorer, S., Erley, G. and Penner, R.M. (1998) A Hybrid Electrochemical/ Chemical Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Optically Intrinsic Thin Films. Chemistry of Materials, 10, 11201129.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm970718m [22] Therese, G.H.A. and Kamath, P.V. (2000) Electrochemical Synthesis of Metal Oxides and Hydroxides. Chemistry of Materials, 12, 1195-1204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm990447a [23] Byrappa, K., Subramani, A.K., Ananda, S., Rai, K.M.L., Dinesh, R. and Yoshimura, M. (2006) Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B Dye Using Hydrothermally Synthesized ZnO. Bulletin of Materials Science, 29, 433-438.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02914073 [24] Belever, C., Adán, C. and Fernández-García, M. (2009) Photocatalytic Behaviour of Bi2MO6 Polymetalates for Rhodamine B Degradation. Catalysis Today, 143, 274-281.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.09.011 [25] Carp, O., Huisman, C.L. and Rellar, A. (2004) Photoinduced Reactivity of Titanium Dioxide. Progress in Solid State Chemistry, 32, 33-177.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2004.08.001 [26] Sclafani, A. and Hermann, J.M. (1998) Influence of Metallic Silver and of Platinum-Silver Bimetallic Deposits on the Photocatalytic Activity of Titania (Anatase and Rutile) in Organic and Aqueous Media. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 113, 118-188.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(97)00319-5 [27] Rodriguez, J.A. and Fernández-García, M. (2007) Synthesis Proparties and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 335-351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470108975 [28] Li, X., Han, X., Wang, W., Liu, X., Wang, Y. and Liu, X. (2012) Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of Nb-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles. Advanced Materials Research, 455, 110-111. [29] Lakshmi, G.C., Ananda, S., Somashekar, R. and Ranganathaiah, C. (2012) Synthesis of ZnO/MgO Nanocomposites by Electrochemical Method for Photocatalytic Degradation Kinetics of Eosin Yellow Dye. International Journal of NanoScience and Nanotechnology, 3, 47-63. [30] Patil, A.V., Dighavkar, C.G., Sonawane, S.K., Patil, S.J. and Borse, R.Y. (2010) Influence of Nb2O5 Doping on ZnO Thick Film Gas Sensors. Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 12, 125-1261. [31] Pail, D.R., Patil, L.A. and Amalnerkar, D.P. (2007) Ethanol Gas Sensing Properties of Al2O3-Doped ZnO Thick Film Resistors. Bulletin of Materials Science, 30, 553-559.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12034-007-0086-6 [32] Wei, L., Shifu, C., Wei, Z. and Sujuan, Z. (2009) Titanium Dioxide Mediated Photocatalytic Degradation of Mathamidophos in Aqueous Phase. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 154-160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.140
[1] Djurisic, A.B. (2002) Progress in the Room-Temperature Optical Functions of Semiconductors. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 38, 237-293.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(02)00063-3 [2] Dong, L.F., Jiao, J., Tuggle, D.W., Petty, L.M. and Elliff, S.A. (2003) ZnO Nanowires Formed on Tungsten Substrates and Their Electron Field Emission Properties. Applied Physics Letters, 82, 1096-1098.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1554477 [3] Zhu, B.L., Xie, C.S., Wang, A.H., Wu, J., Wu, R. and Liu, J. (2007) Laser Sintering ZnO Thick Films for Gas Sensor Application. Journal of Materials Science, 42, 5416-5420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0768-2 [4] Agarwal, G. and Speyer, R.F. (1998) Current Change Method of Reducing Gas Sensing Using ZnO Varistors. Journal of Electrochemical Society, 145, 2920-2925.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1838737 [5] Kind, H., Yan, H., Messer, B., Law, M. and Yang, P. (2002) Nanowire Ultraviolet Photodetectors and Optical Switches. Advanced Materials, 14, 158-160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(20020116)14:2<158::AID-ADMA158>3.0.CO;2-W [6] Byrappa, K., Subramani, A.K., Ananda, S., Lakanatharai, K.M., Sunitha, M.H., Basavalingu, B. and Soga, K. (2006) Impregnation of ZnO onto Activated Carbon under Hydrothermal Conditions and Its Photocatalytic Properties. Journal of Materials Science, 41, 1355-1362.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-7341-x [7] Xu, F., Zhang, P., Navrotsky, A., Yuan, Z.Y., Ren, T.Z., Halasa, M. and Su, B.L. (2007) Hierarchically Assembled Porous ZnO Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Surface Energy, and Photocatalytic Activity. Chemistry of Materials, 19, 56805686.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm071190g [8] Cernigoj, U., Stangar, U.L., Trebse, P., Krasovec, U.O. and Gross, S. (2006) Photocatalytically Active TiO2 Thin Films Produced by Surfactant-Assisted Sol-Gel Processing. Thin Solid Films, 495, 327-332.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.08.240 [9] Yu, H., Zhang, K. and Rossi, C. (2007) Theoretical Study on Photocatalytic Oxidation of VOCs Using Nano-TiO2 Photocatalyst. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A, 188, 65-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.11.021 [10] Lizama, C., Freer, J., Baeza, J. and Mansilla, H.D. (2002) Optimized Photodegradation of Reactive Blue 19 on TiO2 and ZnO Suspensions. Catalysis Today, 76, 235-246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00222-5 [11] Peng, F., Wang, H., Yu, H. and Chen, S. (2006) Preparation of Aluminum Foil-Supported Nano-Sized, ZnO and Its Photocatalytic Phenol under Visible Light Irradiation. Materials Research Bulletin, 41, 2123-2129.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2006.03.029 [12] Ahmadipour, M., Hatami, M. and Rao, K.V. (2012) Preparation and Characterization of Nano-Sized (Mg(x)Fe(1-x)O/ SiO2) (x=0.1) Core-Shell Nanoparticles by Chemical Precipitation Method. Advances in Nanoparticles, 1, 37-43. [13] Qiu, X.Q., Li, G.S., Sun, X.F., Li, L.P. and Fu, X.Z. (2008) Doping Effects of Co2+ Ions on ZnO Nanorods and Their Photocatalytic Properties. Nanotechnology, 19, Article ID: 215703.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/19/21/215703 [14] Marci, G., Augugliaro, V., López-Munoz, M.J., Martin, C., Palmisano, L., Rives, V., Schiavello, M., Tilley, R.J.D. and Venezia, A.M. (2001) Preparation Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of Polycrystalline ZnO/TiO2 Systems. 2. Surface, and Bulk Characterization, and 4-Nitrophenol Photodegradation in Liquid-Solid Regime. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 105, 1033-1040.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp003173j [15] Ullah, R. and Dutta, J. (2008) Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes with Manganese-Dopeded ZnO Nanoparticles. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 156, 194-200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.033 [16] Zhang, Q., Fan, W. and Gao, L. (2007) Anatase TiO2 Nanoparticles Immobilized on ZnO Tetrapods as a Highly Efficient and Easily Recyclable Photocatalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 76, 168-173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.05.024 [17] Anandan, S., Vinu, A., Lovely, K.L.P.S., Gokulakrishnan, N., Srinivasu, P., Mori, T., Murugesan, V., Sivamurugan, V. and Ariga, K. (2007) Photocatalytic Activity of La-Diped ZnO for the Degradation of Monocrotophos in Aqueous Suspension. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 266, 149-157.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molcata.2006.11.008 [18] Li, D. and Haneda, H. (2003) Photocatalysis of Sprayed Nitrogen-Containing Fe2O3-ZnO and WO3-ZnO Composite Powders in Gas-Phase. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 160, 203-212.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(03)00212-0 [19] Ekambaram, S., Likubo, Y. and Kudo, A. (2007) Combustion Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of Transition Metal-Incorporated ZnO. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 433, 237-240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.06.045 [20] Lin, H.F., Liao, S.C. and Hung, S.W. (2005) The dc Thermal Plasma Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles for Visible-Light Photocatalyst. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 174, 82-87.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.02.015 [21] Nyffenegger, R.M., Craft, B., Shaaban, M., Gorer, S., Erley, G. and Penner, R.M. (1998) A Hybrid Electrochemical/ Chemical Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Optically Intrinsic Thin Films. Chemistry of Materials, 10, 11201129.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm970718m [22] Therese, G.H.A. and Kamath, P.V. (2000) Electrochemical Synthesis of Metal Oxides and Hydroxides. Chemistry of Materials, 12, 1195-1204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm990447a [23] Byrappa, K., Subramani, A.K., Ananda, S., Rai, K.M.L., Dinesh, R. and Yoshimura, M. (2006) Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B Dye Using Hydrothermally Synthesized ZnO. Bulletin of Materials Science, 29, 433-438.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02914073 [24] Belever, C., Adán, C. and Fernández-García, M. (2009) Photocatalytic Behaviour of Bi2MO6 Polymetalates for Rhodamine B Degradation. Catalysis Today, 143, 274-281.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.09.011 [25] Carp, O., Huisman, C.L. and Rellar, A. (2004) Photoinduced Reactivity of Titanium Dioxide. Progress in Solid State Chemistry, 32, 33-177.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2004.08.001 [26] Sclafani, A. and Hermann, J.M. (1998) Influence of Metallic Silver and of Platinum-Silver Bimetallic Deposits on the Photocatalytic Activity of Titania (Anatase and Rutile) in Organic and Aqueous Media. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 113, 118-188.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(97)00319-5 [27] Rodriguez, J.A. and Fernández-García, M. (2007) Synthesis Proparties and Applications of Oxide Nanomaterials. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 335-351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470108975 [28] Li, X., Han, X., Wang, W., Liu, X., Wang, Y. and Liu, X. (2012) Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity of Nb-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles. Advanced Materials Research, 455, 110-111. [29] Lakshmi, G.C., Ananda, S., Somashekar, R. and Ranganathaiah, C. (2012) Synthesis of ZnO/MgO Nanocomposites by Electrochemical Method for Photocatalytic Degradation Kinetics of Eosin Yellow Dye. International Journal of NanoScience and Nanotechnology, 3, 47-63. [30] Patil, A.V., Dighavkar, C.G., Sonawane, S.K., Patil, S.J. and Borse, R.Y. (2010) Influence of Nb2O5 Doping on ZnO Thick Film Gas Sensors. Journal of Optoelectronics and Advanced Materials, 12, 125-1261. [31] Pail, D.R., Patil, L.A. and Amalnerkar, D.P. (2007) Ethanol Gas Sensing Properties of Al2O3-Doped ZnO Thick Film Resistors. Bulletin of Materials Science, 30, 553-559.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12034-007-0086-6 [32] Wei, L., Shifu, C., Wei, Z. and Sujuan, Z. (2009) Titanium Dioxide Mediated Photocatalytic Degradation of Mathamidophos in Aqueous Phase. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 154-160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.140