Advances by Selective Breeding for Aquatic Species: A Review
ABSTRACT
During the last 40 years it has been shown that well planned family-based breeding programs yield high rates of genetic improvement for aquatic species. The genetic gain has been greater than 12% per generation for growth rate and for disease resistance when challenge tests are applied. The main reasons for the large genetic gains observed for aquatic species are their relatively high fertility and the natural existence of broad genetic variation for economically important traits, both of which allows a very high selection intensity to be applied. However, the genetic improvement of species grown in aquaculture is far behind that achieved for animals and plants. In 2010 less than 10% of aquaculture production was based on genetically improved stocks. Breeding programs for aquatic species should be family based and include new biotechnologies like genomic selection.
During the last 40 years it has been shown that well planned family-based breeding programs yield high rates of genetic improvement for aquatic species. The genetic gain has been greater than 12% per generation for growth rate and for disease resistance when challenge tests are applied. The main reasons for the large genetic gains observed for aquatic species are their relatively high fertility and the natural existence of broad genetic variation for economically important traits, both of which allows a very high selection intensity to be applied. However, the genetic improvement of species grown in aquaculture is far behind that achieved for animals and plants. In 2010 less than 10% of aquaculture production was based on genetically improved stocks. Breeding programs for aquatic species should be family based and include new biotechnologies like genomic selection.
Cite this paper
Gjedrem, T. and Robinson, N. (2014) Advances by Selective Breeding for Aquatic Species: A Review. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 1152-1158. doi: 10.4236/as.2014.512125.
Gjedrem, T. and Robinson, N. (2014) Advances by Selective Breeding for Aquatic Species: A Review. Agricultural Sciences, 5, 1152-1158. doi: 10.4236/as.2014.512125.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f72-042 [15] Lannan, J.E. (1972) Estimating Heritability and Predicting Response to Selection for the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association, 62, 62-66. [16] Gjedrem, T. (1983) Genetic Variation in Quantitative Traits and Selective Breeding in Fish and Shellfish. Aquaculture, 33, 51-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90386-1 [17] Moav, R. and Wohlfarth, G.W. (1976) Two Way Selection for Growth Rate in the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Genetics, 82, 83-101. [18] Hulata, G., Wohlfarth, G.W. and Halevy, A. (1986) Mass Selection for Growth Rate in the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 57, 177-184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(86)90195-X [19] Teichert-Coddington, D.R. and Smitherman, O. (1988) Lack of Response by Tilapia Nilotica to Mass Selection for Rapid Early Growth. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 117, 297-300.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1988)117<0297:LORBNT>2.3.CO;2 [20] Huang, C.M. and Liao, I.C. (1990) Response to Mass Selection for Growth Rate in Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, 85, 199-205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90019-J [21] Wright, S. (1940) Breeding Structure of Populations in Relation to Speciation. American Naturalist, 74, 232-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/280891 [22] Wright, S. (1951) The Genetic Structure of Populations. Annals of Eugenics, 15, 323-354.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.8.1082 [26] Gjerde, B. (2005) Design of Breeding Programs. In: Gjedrem, T., Ed., Selection and Breeding Programs in Aquaculture, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 364. [27] Gjedrem, T. (2005) Breeding Plans. In: Gjedrem, T., Ed., Selection and Breeding Programs in Aquaculture, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 364. [28] Bentsen, H.B. and Olesen, I. (2002) Designing Aquaculture Mass Selection Programs to Avoid High Inbreeding Rates. Aquaculture, 204, 349-359.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00846-8 [29] Gjerde, B., Gunnes, K. and Gjedrem, T. (1983) Effect of Inbreeding on Survival and Growth in Rainbow Trout. Aquaculture, 34, 327-332.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90212-0 [30] Kincaid, H.L. (1983) Inbreeding in Fish Populations Used for Aquaculture. Aquaculture, 33, 215-227.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90402-7 [31] Fjalestad, K.T. (2005) Breeding Strategies. In: Gjedrem, T., Ed., Selection and Breeding Programs in Aquaculture, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 145-158.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3342-7_10 [32] Moav, R., Hulata, G. and Wohlfarth, G. (1975) Genetic Differences between the Chinese and European Races of the Common Carp. I. Analysis of Genotype and Environment Interactions for Growth Rate. Heredity, 34, 323-340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1975.42 [33] Bacos, J. (1979) Crossbreeding Hungarian Races of Common Carp to Develop More Productive Hybrids. In: Pillay, T.V.R. and Dill, W.A., Eds., Advances in Aquaculture, Fishing News Books Ltd., Farnham, 633-635. [34] Nielsen, H.M., Ødegård, J., Olesen, I., Gjerde, B., Ardo, L., Jeney, G. and Jeney, Z. (2010) Genetic Analysis of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Strains. I: Genetic Parameters and Heterosis for Growth Traits and Survival. Aquaculture, 304, 14-21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.03.016 [35] Kirpicnikov, V.S., Ilyasov, J.I., Shart, L.A., Vikhman, A.A., Ganchenko, M.V., Ostashevsky, A.L., Simonov, V.M., Tikhonov, G.F. and Tjurin, V.V. (1993) Selection of Kranodar Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) for Resistance to Dropsy: Principal Results and Prospects. Aquaculture, 111, 7-20.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(93)90020-Y [36] Gjerde, B., Reddy, P.V.G.K., Mahapatra, K.D., Saha, J.N., Jana, R.K., Meher, P.K., Sahoo, M., Lenka, S., Govindassamy, P. and Rye, M. (2002) Growth and Survival in Two Complete Diallele Crosses with Five Stocks of Rohu carp (Labeo rohita). Aquaculture, 209, 103-115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00848-1 [37] Bentsen, H.B., Eknath, A.E., Pallada-de Vera, M.S., Danting, J.C., Bolivar, H.L., Reyes, R.A., Dionisio, E.E., Longalong, F.M., Circa, A.V., Tayamen, M.M. and Gjerde, B. (1998) Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapias: Growth Performance in a Complete Diallel cross Experiment with Eight Strains of Orechromis niloticus. Aquaculture, 160, 145-173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00230-5 [38] Falconer, D.S. and Mackay, T.F.C. (1996) Quantitative Genetics. Longman, Harlow, 464. [39] Vandeputte, M., Dupont-Nivet, M., Haffray, P., Chavanne, H., Cenadelli, S., Parati, K., Vidal, M.O., Vergent, A. and Chatain, B. (2009) Response to Domestication and Selection for Growth in the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in Separate and Mixed Tanks. Aquaculture, 286, 20-27.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.09.008 [40] Gjedrem, T. and Rye, M. (2014) Selection Response in Fish and Shellfish: A Review. Manuscript, 16. [41] Bentsen, H.B., Eknath, A.E., Rye, M., Thodesen, J. and Gjerde, B. (2003) Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapias. Response to Selection for Growth Performance in the GIFT Project. International Association for Genetics in Aquaculture VLLL, 9-15 November 2003, Puerto Varas, 68. [42] Moen, T., Baranski, M., Soneson, A. and Kjøglum, A. (2009) Conformation and Fine-Mapping of a Major QTL for Resistance in Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): Population-Level Associations between Markers and Traits. BMC Genomics, 10, 368.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-10-368 [43] Thodesen, J., Grisdale-Helland, B., Helland, S.J. and Gjerde, B. (1999) Feed Intake, Growth and Feed Utilization of Offspring from Wild and Selected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture, 180, 237-246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00204-5 [44] Housten, R.D., Hamilton, A., Guy, D.R., Tinch, A.E., Taggard, J.B., McAndrew, B.J. and Bishop, S.C. (2008) Major Quantitative Trait Loci Affect Resistance to Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis in Atlantc Salmon (Salmo salar). Genetics, 178, 1109-1115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.107.082974 [45] Gjedrem, T. and Baranski, M. (2009) Selective Breeding in Aquaculture: An Introduction. Springer, 221.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2773-3 [46] Gjerde, B., Mengistu, S.B., Ødegård, J., Johansen, H. and Altamirano, D.S. (2012) Quantitative Genetics of Body Weight, Fillet Weight and Fillet Yield in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 342-343, 117-124.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.02.015 [47] Gjedrem, T., Robinson, N. and Rye, M. (2012) The Importance of Selective Breeding in Aquaculture to Meet Future Demands for Animal Protein: A Review. Aquaculture, 350-353, 117-129.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.04.008 [48] FAO (2007) FAO Yearbook. Fisheriey Statistics, 2005, 100/2, 206.
[1] FAO (2011) FAO Yearbook. Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics, 79. [2] FAO (2013) Food Outlook. Biannual Report on Global Food Markets, 133. [3] Mendel, G.J. (1866) Versuche über Plantzenhybriden. Verhandlungen Naturforschung Vereins Brünn, 4, 3-47. [4] Hagedoorn, A.L. (1950) Animal Breeding. Crosby Lockwood & Son Ltd., London. [5] Gjedrem, T. (2010) The First Family-Based Breeding Program in Aquaculture. Review in Aquaculture, 2, 2-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2010.01011.x [6] Neira, R. (2010) Breeding in Aquaculture Species: Genetic Improvement Program in Developing Countries. 9th World Congress on genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Lipzig, 1-6 August 2010, 8. [7] Rye, M., Gjerde, B. and Gjedrem, T. (2010) Genetic Development Programs for Aquaculture Species in Developed Countries. 9th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Lipzig, 1-6 August 2010, 8. [8] Embody, G.C. and Hyford, C.D. (1925) The Advantage of Rearing Brook Trout Fingerlings from Selected Breeders. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 55, 135-138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1925)55[135:TAORBT]2.0.CO;2 [9] Kirpichnikov, V.S. (1987) Selection and New Breeds of Pond Fishes in the USSR. In: Tiewes, K. (Ed.), Selection, Hybridization and Genetic Engineering in Aquaculture, Volume II, 461-473. [10] Schaperclaus, W. (1962) Trate de Pisciculture en Etang. Vigot Freres, Paris, 208-227. [11] Schmidt, J. (1917) Racial Investigations. I. Zoarces viviparous L. and Local Races of the Same. Comptes Rendus des Travaux du Laboratoire Carlsberg, 13, 279-396. [12] Nemashev, G.A. (1969) Heritability of Several Traits Important in the Common Carp Selection. Izvestija Gosudarstvennogo Nauchno-issledovatelskogo, Instituta Ozernogo i Rechnogo Rybnogo Khosjaistva (GosNIORKh), Vol. 65, 185-195. [13] Kirpichnikov, V.S. (1972) Theory of Fish Selection. In: Cherfas, B.I., Ed., Genetics. Selection and Hybridization of Fish, Academy of Sciences of the USSAR, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 299. [14] Aulstad, D., Gjedrem, T. and Skjervold, H. (1972) Genetic and Environmental Sources of Variation in Length and Weight of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 29, 237-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f72-042 [15] Lannan, J.E. (1972) Estimating Heritability and Predicting Response to Selection for the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Proceedings of the National Shellfisheries Association, 62, 62-66. [16] Gjedrem, T. (1983) Genetic Variation in Quantitative Traits and Selective Breeding in Fish and Shellfish. Aquaculture, 33, 51-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90386-1 [17] Moav, R. and Wohlfarth, G.W. (1976) Two Way Selection for Growth Rate in the Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Genetics, 82, 83-101. [18] Hulata, G., Wohlfarth, G.W. and Halevy, A. (1986) Mass Selection for Growth Rate in the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 57, 177-184.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(86)90195-X [19] Teichert-Coddington, D.R. and Smitherman, O. (1988) Lack of Response by Tilapia Nilotica to Mass Selection for Rapid Early Growth. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 117, 297-300.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1988)117<0297:LORBNT>2.3.CO;2 [20] Huang, C.M. and Liao, I.C. (1990) Response to Mass Selection for Growth Rate in Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture, 85, 199-205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90019-J [21] Wright, S. (1940) Breeding Structure of Populations in Relation to Speciation. American Naturalist, 74, 232-248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/280891 [22] Wright, S. (1951) The Genetic Structure of Populations. Annals of Eugenics, 15, 323-354.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x [23] Lush, J.L. (1945) Animal Breeding Plans. 3rd Edition, Collegiate Press, Ames, 443. [24] Falconer, D.S. (1960) Quantitative Genetics. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, London, 365 p. [25] Bacon, L.D., Hunt, H.D. and Cheng, H.H. (2000) A Review of the Development of Chicken Lines to Resolve Genes Determining Resistance to Diseases. Poultry Science, 79, 1082-1093.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.8.1082 [26] Gjerde, B. (2005) Design of Breeding Programs. In: Gjedrem, T., Ed., Selection and Breeding Programs in Aquaculture, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 364. [27] Gjedrem, T. (2005) Breeding Plans. In: Gjedrem, T., Ed., Selection and Breeding Programs in Aquaculture, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 364. [28] Bentsen, H.B. and Olesen, I. (2002) Designing Aquaculture Mass Selection Programs to Avoid High Inbreeding Rates. Aquaculture, 204, 349-359.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00846-8 [29] Gjerde, B., Gunnes, K. and Gjedrem, T. (1983) Effect of Inbreeding on Survival and Growth in Rainbow Trout. Aquaculture, 34, 327-332.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90212-0 [30] Kincaid, H.L. (1983) Inbreeding in Fish Populations Used for Aquaculture. Aquaculture, 33, 215-227.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90402-7 [31] Fjalestad, K.T. (2005) Breeding Strategies. In: Gjedrem, T., Ed., Selection and Breeding Programs in Aquaculture, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 145-158.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3342-7_10 [32] Moav, R., Hulata, G. and Wohlfarth, G. (1975) Genetic Differences between the Chinese and European Races of the Common Carp. I. Analysis of Genotype and Environment Interactions for Growth Rate. Heredity, 34, 323-340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1975.42 [33] Bacos, J. (1979) Crossbreeding Hungarian Races of Common Carp to Develop More Productive Hybrids. In: Pillay, T.V.R. and Dill, W.A., Eds., Advances in Aquaculture, Fishing News Books Ltd., Farnham, 633-635. [34] Nielsen, H.M., Ødegård, J., Olesen, I., Gjerde, B., Ardo, L., Jeney, G. and Jeney, Z. (2010) Genetic Analysis of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Strains. I: Genetic Parameters and Heterosis for Growth Traits and Survival. Aquaculture, 304, 14-21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.03.016 [35] Kirpicnikov, V.S., Ilyasov, J.I., Shart, L.A., Vikhman, A.A., Ganchenko, M.V., Ostashevsky, A.L., Simonov, V.M., Tikhonov, G.F. and Tjurin, V.V. (1993) Selection of Kranodar Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) for Resistance to Dropsy: Principal Results and Prospects. Aquaculture, 111, 7-20.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(93)90020-Y [36] Gjerde, B., Reddy, P.V.G.K., Mahapatra, K.D., Saha, J.N., Jana, R.K., Meher, P.K., Sahoo, M., Lenka, S., Govindassamy, P. and Rye, M. (2002) Growth and Survival in Two Complete Diallele Crosses with Five Stocks of Rohu carp (Labeo rohita). Aquaculture, 209, 103-115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00848-1 [37] Bentsen, H.B., Eknath, A.E., Pallada-de Vera, M.S., Danting, J.C., Bolivar, H.L., Reyes, R.A., Dionisio, E.E., Longalong, F.M., Circa, A.V., Tayamen, M.M. and Gjerde, B. (1998) Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapias: Growth Performance in a Complete Diallel cross Experiment with Eight Strains of Orechromis niloticus. Aquaculture, 160, 145-173.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(97)00230-5 [38] Falconer, D.S. and Mackay, T.F.C. (1996) Quantitative Genetics. Longman, Harlow, 464. [39] Vandeputte, M., Dupont-Nivet, M., Haffray, P., Chavanne, H., Cenadelli, S., Parati, K., Vidal, M.O., Vergent, A. and Chatain, B. (2009) Response to Domestication and Selection for Growth in the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in Separate and Mixed Tanks. Aquaculture, 286, 20-27.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.09.008 [40] Gjedrem, T. and Rye, M. (2014) Selection Response in Fish and Shellfish: A Review. Manuscript, 16. [41] Bentsen, H.B., Eknath, A.E., Rye, M., Thodesen, J. and Gjerde, B. (2003) Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapias. Response to Selection for Growth Performance in the GIFT Project. International Association for Genetics in Aquaculture VLLL, 9-15 November 2003, Puerto Varas, 68. [42] Moen, T., Baranski, M., Soneson, A. and Kjøglum, A. (2009) Conformation and Fine-Mapping of a Major QTL for Resistance in Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): Population-Level Associations between Markers and Traits. BMC Genomics, 10, 368.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-10-368 [43] Thodesen, J., Grisdale-Helland, B., Helland, S.J. and Gjerde, B. (1999) Feed Intake, Growth and Feed Utilization of Offspring from Wild and Selected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture, 180, 237-246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00204-5 [44] Housten, R.D., Hamilton, A., Guy, D.R., Tinch, A.E., Taggard, J.B., McAndrew, B.J. and Bishop, S.C. (2008) Major Quantitative Trait Loci Affect Resistance to Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis in Atlantc Salmon (Salmo salar). Genetics, 178, 1109-1115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.107.082974 [45] Gjedrem, T. and Baranski, M. (2009) Selective Breeding in Aquaculture: An Introduction. Springer, 221.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2773-3 [46] Gjerde, B., Mengistu, S.B., Ødegård, J., Johansen, H. and Altamirano, D.S. (2012) Quantitative Genetics of Body Weight, Fillet Weight and Fillet Yield in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 342-343, 117-124.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.02.015 [47] Gjedrem, T., Robinson, N. and Rye, M. (2012) The Importance of Selective Breeding in Aquaculture to Meet Future Demands for Animal Protein: A Review. Aquaculture, 350-353, 117-129.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.04.008 [48] FAO (2007) FAO Yearbook. Fisheriey Statistics, 2005, 100/2, 206.