Abdessalem Abdessamad^1,2*, Imen Dhib¹, Ghada Baraket², Mustapha Ksontini¹, Amel Salhi-Hannachi²

Show more
¹ Laboratory of Physiology and Ecology Forester, National Institute Research in Agricultural Engineering, Water and Forest, INRGREF, Tunis, Tunisia.
² Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Immunology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Campus University, Tunis, Tunisia.
Show less

Abstract: Populations of oak cork (Quercus suber L.) originated from different areas in Tunisia were analysed based on morphological characters to assess the overall degree of phenotypic variability, to detect similarities between the genotypes and to evaluate significant forest features. One-way ANOVA analysis shows a significant difference between oak cork populations and demonstrates that parameters measured on leaves show an important degree of variability and permit to discriminate oak cork individuals. Vegetative variables are leaf length, leaf width, petioles length, number of leaf veins, petioles width, spines number, leaf area, length nipples, diameter nipples, weight nipples, and height trees. Diameter trees were scored and subjected to multivariate analysis. Results showed a considerable diversity among local germoplasme of oak cork. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the characters related to the length and width of the sheets and the nipples accounted for a large proportion of the observed variability. Cluster analysis showed a typically continuous phenotypic diversity among oak cork accessions, and little asso-ciations between accessions from same geographic origin. Also, some heterogeneity within accessions that received the same denomination was evidenced. The variability observed between different populations is attached to phenotypic characters which depend primarily on two factors, gene and environment.

Keywords: Quercus suber L., Populations, Phenotypic Study, Variability, Tunisia

Cite this paper: Abdessamad, A. , Dhib, I. , Baraket, G. , Ksontini, M. and Salhi-Hannachi, A. (2014) Evaluation of Phenotypic Diversity by Use of Variable Analysis Multi of Various Populations of Oak Cork (Quercus suber L.) in Tunisia. Open Journal of Ecology, 4, 861-872. doi: 10.4236/oje.2014.414072.

References

[1]   Boudy, P. (1950) North-African Forestry Economics. Monograph and Treatment of the Forest Gasolines. Fasc. I, Vol. I, ED the Rose, Paris, 575 p.

[2]   General Direction of Forests (1995) Results of First National Forest Inventory in Tunisia (I.F.N), Ceres Productions. Tunis.

[3]   Louis, A. (2002) The subéraie, biodiversity and paysage. Ingenior CRP. PACA.

[4]   Boudy, P. (1952) Guide of the Forester in North Africa. Rustic House, Paris, 505 p.

[5]   Ferreira, A. and Pereira, F.L.H. (1999) Characterization of the Growth and the Quality of Cork in an Area of Production. Annals of Forest Science, 57, 187-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2000169

[6]   IPGRI (2005) Descriptor of the Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Ipgri, Rome, Italie. Mars, Mr., Marrakchi, Mr., 1999. The Diversity of the Grenade (Punica granatum L.)

[7]   Dagnelie, P. (1975) Theorie et methodes statistiques, Applications agronomiques. Vol. 2. Les méthodes de l’inférence statistique. 2nd Edtion, Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux, Gembloux, 463 p.

[8]   Ward Jr., J.H. (1963) Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58, 236-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1963.10500845

[9]   XLSTAT (2012) Addinsoft TM Version 2012. www.xlstat.com/

[10]   Humphreys. M.O. (1991) With Genetic Approach to Multivariate Differentiation of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) Populations. Heredity, 66, 437-443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1991.53

[11]   Peeters, J.P. and Martinelli, J.A. (1989) Hierarchical Cluster Analysis Have Has Tool to Manages Variation in Germplasm Collections. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 78, 42-48.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00299751

[12]   Gandour, M., Khouja, M.L., Toumi, L. and Triki, S. (2007) Morphological Evaluation of Cork Oak (Quercus suber): Mediterranean Provenance Variability in Tunisia. Annals of Forest Science, 64, 549-555.

[13]   Elena-Rossello, J.A., Lumaret, R., Cabrera, E. and Michaud, H. (1992) Evidence for Hybridization between Sympatric Holm-Oak and Cork-Oak in Spain Based on Diagnostic Enzyme Markers. Vegetation, 99-100, 115-118.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00118216

[14]   Hasnaoui, B. (1998) Natural Regeneration of the Oak Cork: Difficulties and Proposals for Solutions.

[15]   Toumi, L. and Lumaret, R. (1998) Allozyme Variation in Cork Oak (Quercus suber L.): The Role of Phylogeography and Genetic Introgression by Other Mediterranean Oak Species and Human Activities. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 97, 647-656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050941

[16]   Kremer, A. and Small, R.J. (1993) Gene Diversity in Natural Populations of Oak Species. Annals of Forest Science, 50, 186-202.

[17]   Merila, J. and Crnokrak, P. (2001) Comparison of Genetic Quantitative Differentiation at Marker Loci and Features. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 14, 892-903.

[18]   Endler, J.A. (1986) Natural Selection in the Wild. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

[19]   Lumaret, R., Mir, C., Michaud, H. and Raynal, V. (2002) Phylogeographical Variation of Chloroplast DNA in Holm Oak (Quercus ilex L.). Molecular Ecology, 11, 2327-2336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01611.x

[20]   Gathy, P. (1969) Cozrtributiorz n l’étude de la génétique des chênes (Quercus sessiliflora Salisb. et Quercus pedunculata Ehrlr.). 2’ consultation mondiale sur l’amélioration des arbres forestiers. FAO, 2, 979-987.

[21]   Jones, E.W. (1959) Biological Flora of the British Isles, Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. Journal of Ecology, 47, 169-222.

[22]   Beer, R. (1981) Comportement écologique et sylvicole des chênes pédonculés (Quercus robur) rouvre (Querczrc petrnea) dans lu canton de Genève: Conséquences sur le choix des essences pour l’amélioration de la chênaie genevoise. SB Ia Iuresa, 12, 91-116.

[23]   Krahl-Urban, J., Kanitz, H.R. and Punin, W. (1955) Uber den Nachweis von Agglutininen an Früchten und Blattern der Stiel. Zeitschrift fiir Forstgenetik, 4, 18-20.

[24]   Jensen, R.J., Hokanson, S.C., Isebrands, J.G. and Hancock, J.F. (1993) Morphometric Variation in Oaks of the Apostle Islands in Wisconsin: Evidence of Hybridization between Quercus rubra and Q. ellipsoidalis (Fagaceae). American Journal of Botany, 80, 1358-1366. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2445721

[25]   Dumolin-Lapegue, S., Kremer, A. and Petit, R.J. (1999) Are Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA Variation Species Independent in Oaks? Evolution, 53, 1406-1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2640887