[1] ODNRI/WWF (1989) Cross River National Park Oban Division: Plan for Developing the Park and Its Support Zone. London.
[2] Brown, N.R., Wilkie, D., Bennett, D., Tutin, E., van Tol, C.G. and Christophers, T. (2008) Conservation and Use of Wildlife-Based Resources: The Bushmeat Crisis. Technical Series No. 33, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, and Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, 50 p.
[3] Barnett, R. (2000) Food for Thought: The Utilization of Wild Meat in Eastern and Southern Africa. TRAFFIC East/ Southern Africa, Nairobi, 264.
[4] Murray, M. (2003) Overkill and Sustainable Use. Science, 299, 1851-1853.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1079823
[5] Maisels, F., Kerming, E., Kermei, M., and Toh, C. (2001) The Extirpation of Large Mammals and Implications for Montane Forest Conservation: The Case of the Kilum-Ijim Forest, North-West Province, Cameroon. Oryx, 35, 322-331.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300032087
[6] David, B. (1995) Wildlife and National Parks in Northern Cameroon. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, No. 244, 43-54.
[7] Ntiamo-Baidu, Y. (1997) Can Wildlife Contribute to Food Security in Africa? FAO Conservation Guide 33. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome.
[8] Caspary, H.U. (1999) Utilisation de la faune sauvage en Cote d’Ivoire et Afrique de I’Ouest. Potentiels et contraintes pour la coopération au développement. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn.
[9] KEP (1997) Impact Assessment Study in Refugee Affected Districts of Biharamulo, Ngara and Karagwe. Kagera Environmental Project, Tanzania Agro-Industrial Services Limited, Dar es Salaam.
[10] Newing, H. (2001) Bushmeat Hunting and Management: Implications of Duiker Ecology and Interspecific Competition. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 99-118.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016671524034
[11] Carpenter, G.M., Fusari, A. and Okongo, H. (2007) Subsistence Hunting and Exploitation of Mammals in the HautOgooud Province, South Eastern Gabon. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 85, 183-193.
[12] Bassett, T.J. (2005) Card-Carrying Hunters, Rural Poverty and Wildlife Decline in Northern Cote d’Ivoire. The Geographical Journal, 171, 71-82.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00147.x
[13] Redford, K.H. (1992) The Empty Forest. Bioscience, 42, 412-422.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311860
[14] Leveque, C. and Mounolou, J. (2003) Biodiversity. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester.
[15] Matthew, R., Halle, M. and Switzer, J., Eds. (2002) Conserving the Peace: Resources, Livelihoods and Security. IISD/ IUCN Publication, Gland, Switzerland.
[16] Chambers, R. and Conway, G. (1992) Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century. IDS Discusion Paper 296, IDS, Brighton.
[17] Mainka, S. and Trivedi, M., Eds. (2002) Links between Biodiversity Conservation, Livelihoods and Food Security: The Sustainable Use of Wild Species of Meat. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 24. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
[18] Friedmann, Y. (2003) Bushmeat—A Southern African Issue Too. Endangered Wildlife, 43, 16-17.
[19] Chardonnet, P., des Clers, B., Fischer, J., Gerhold, R., Jori, F. and Lamarque, F. (2002) The Value of Wildlife. Scientific and Technical Review, Office of International Epizootiology, 21, 15-51.
[20] Bakarr, M.I., Fonseca, G.A.B.D., Mittermeier, R.A., Rylands, A.B. and Painemilla, K.W., Eds. (2001) Hunting and Bushmeat Utilisationin the African Rainforest: Perspectives towards a Blueprint for Conservation Action. Conservation International, Washington DC.
[21] Brown, D. and Davies, G. (2007) Bushmeat and Livelihoods: Wildlife Management and Poverty Reduction. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
[22] Scoones, I., Melnyk, M. and Pretty, J. (1992) The Hidden Harvest: Wild Foods and Agricultural Systems: A Literature Review and Annotated Bibliography. IIED, SIDA and WWF, London.
[23] McShane, T.O. (2003) Protected Areas and Poverty—The Linkages and How to Address Them. Policy Matters (IUCN Commission on Environmental, Economic and Social Policy), No. 12, 52-53.
[24] Norton-Griffiths, M. and Southey, C. (1995) The Opportunity Costs of Biodiversity Conservation in Kenya. Ecological Economics, 12, 125-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(94)00041-S
[25] Fussel, H. (2007) Vulnerability: A Generally Applicable Conceptual Framework for Climate Change Research. Global Environmental Change, 17, 155-167.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.05.002
[26] O’Brien, K., Eriksen, S., Schjoien, A. and Nygaard, L. (2004) What’s in a Word? Conflicting Interpretations of Vulnerability in Climate Change Research. CICERO Working Paper 2004:04, Oslo University, Oslo.
[27] Downing, T.E., Patwardhan, A., Mukhala, E., Stephen, L., Winograd, M. and Ziervogel, G. (2002) Vulnerability Assessment for Climate Adaptation. Adaptation Planning Framework Technical Paper 3. SEI Office, Oxford.
www.sei.se/oxford
[28] Liverman, D.M. (1990) Chapter 26: Vulnerability to Global Environmental Change. In: Kasperson, R.E., Dow, K., Golding, D. and Kasperson, J.X., Eds., Understanding Global Environmental Change: The Contributions of Risk Analysis and Management, Clark University, Worcester, 27-44.
[29] Cannon, T. (2000) Vulnerability Analysis and Disasters. In: Parker, D.J., Ed., Floods, Routledge, London, 45-55.
[30] Adger, W.N. (1999) Social Vulnerability to Climate Change and Extremes in Coastal Vietnam. World Development, 27, 249-269.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00136-3
[31] DFID (1999) Sustainable Livelihood Guidance Sheets.
http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0901/section2.pdf
[32] Godoy, R., Jacobson, M. and Wilkie, D. (1998) Strategies of Rain-Forest Dwellers against Misfortunes: The Tsimane Indians of Bolivia. Ethnology, 37, 55-71.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3773848
[33] Scherr, S.J. (2000) A Downward Spiral? Research Evidence on the Relationship between Poverty and Natural Resource Degradation. Food Policy, 25, 479-498.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(00)00022-1
[34] Shackleton, C.M. and Shackleton, S.E. (2004) The Importance of Non-Timber Forest Products in Rural Livelihood Security and as Safety-Nets: A Review of Evidence from South Africa. South African Journal of Science, Rhodes Centenary Issue, 100, 658-664.
[35] Wunder, S. (2001) Poverty Alleviation and Tropical Forests—What Scope for Synergies? World Development, 29, 1817-1833.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00070-5
[36] McSweeney, K. (2003) Tropical Forests as Safety-Nets? The Relative Importance of Forest Product Sale as Smallholder Insurance, Eastern Honduras. Proceedings of the International Conference on Rural Livelihoods, Forests and Biodiversity, Bonn, 19-23 May 2003.
[37] McSweeney, K. (2005) Natural Insurance, Forest Access and Compound Misfortune: Forest Resources in Smallholder Coping Strategies before and after Hurricane Mitch, North Eastern Honduras. World Development, 33, 1453-1471.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.008
[38] Paumgarten, F. (2007) The Significance of the Safety-Net Role of NTFPs in Rural Livelihoods, South Africa. Master’s Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown.
[39] Few, R. (2003) Flooding, Vulnerability and Coping Strategies: Local Responses to a Global Threat. Progress in Development Studies, 3, 43-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1464993403ps049ra
[40] De Waal, A. and Whiteside, A. (2003) New Variant Famine: AIDS and the Food Crisis in Southern Africa. The Lancet, 362, 1234-1237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14548-5
[41] Maxwell, D., Ahiadeke, C., Levin, C., Armar-Klemesu, M., Zakariah, S. and Lamptey, G.W. (1999) Alternative FoodSecurity Indicators: Revisiting the Frequency and Severity of “Coping Strategies”. Food Policy, 24, 411-429.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(99)00051-2
[42] Wong, G.Y. and Godoy, R. (2003) Consumption and Vulnerability among Foragers and Horticulturalists in the Rainforest of Honduras. World Development, 31, 1405-1419.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00099-8
[43] Dekker, M. (2004) Sustainability and Resourcefulness: Support Networks during Periods of Stress. World Development, 32, 1735-1751.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.06.002
[44] Heemskerk, M., Norton, A. and De Dehn, L. (2004) Does Public Welfare Crowd out Informal Safety Nets? Ethnographic Evidence from Rural Latin America. World Development, 32, 941-955.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.11.009
[45] Smith, D.R., Gordon, A., Meadows, K. and Zwick, K. (2001) Livelihood Diversification in Uganda: Patterns and Determinants of Change across Two Rural Districts. Food Policy, 26, 421-435.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00012-4
[46] De Jong, W., Campbell, B.M. and Schroder, J.M. (2000) Sustaining Incomes from Non-Timber Forest Products: Introduction and Synthesis. International Tree Crop Journal, 10, 267-275.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01435698.2000.9753015
[47] Kepe, T. (2002) Grassland Vegetation and Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Resource Value and Social Dynamics on the Wild Coast, South Africa. Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town.
[48] Dovie, D.B.K. (2003) Rural Economy and Livelihoods from the Non-Timber Forest Products Trade. Compromising Sustainability in Southern Africa? International Journal of Sustainable Development World Ecology, 10, 247-262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504500309469803
[49] De Merode, E., Homewood, K. and Cowlishaw, C. (2004) The Value of Bushmeat and Other Wild Foods to Rural Households Living in Extreme Poverty in Democratic Republic of Congo. Biological Conservation, 118, 573-581.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.005
[50] Shackleton, S.E. (2005) The Significance of the Local Trade in Natural Resources Products for Livelihoods and Poverty Alleviation in South Africa. Ph.D. Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown.
[51] Pattanayak, S.K. and Sills, E.O. (2001) Do Tropical Forests Provide Natural Insurance? The Microeconomics of Non-Timber Forest Product Collection in the Brazilian Amazon. Land Economics, 77, 595-612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3146943
[52] Ros-Tonen, M.A.F. and Wiersum, K.F. (2003) The Importance of Non-Timber Forest Products for Forest-Based Rural Livelihoods: An Evolving Research Agenda. A Paper Presented at the International Conference on Rural Livelihoods, Forests and Biodiversity, Bonn, 19-23 May 2003.
[53] Block, S. and Webb, P. (2001) The Dynamics of Livelihood Diversification in Post-Famine Ethiopia. Food Policy, 26, 333-350.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00015-X
[54] McKenzie, D.J. (2003) How Do Households Cope with Aggregate Shocks? Evidence from the Mexican Peso Crisis. World Development, 31, 1179-1199.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00064-0
[55] Mock, C.N., Gloyd, S., Adjei, S., Acheampong, F. and Gish, O. (2003) Economic Consequences of Injury and Resulting Family Coping Strategies in Ghana. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 35, 81-90.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00092-6
[56] Lukhele, A.K. (1990) Stokvels in South Africa. AMAGI Books, Johannesburg.
[57] Denzin, N. and Lincoln, Y., Eds. (1994) Handbook of Qualitative Research. Sage, Thousand Oaks.
[58] Yin, R.K. (2003) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage Publications, London.
[59] Neuman, W.L. (2003) Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Allyn and Bacon, New York.
[60] Gillham, B. (2000) Case Study Research Methods. Continuum, London.
[61] Oates, J.F. (1995) The Dangers of Conservation by Rural Development: A Case Study from the Forests of Nigeria. Oryx, 29, 115-122.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300020986
[62] Oates, J.F. (1999) Myth and Reality in the Rainforest: How Conservation Strategies Are Failing in West Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley.
[63] Rabinowitz, A. (1999) Nature’s Last Bastions: Sustainable Use of Our Tropical Forests May Be Little More than Wishful Thinking. Journal of Natural History, 108, 70-72.
[64] Terborgh, J. (1999) Requiem for Nature. Island Press/Shearwater Books, Washington DC.
[65] Agrawal, A. and Redford, K. (2006) Poverty, Development and Biodiversity Conservation: Shooting in the Dark? Working Paper No. 26, Wildlife Conservation Society.
[66] Naughton-Treves, L., Holland, M.B. and Brandon, K. (2005) The Role of Protected Areas in Conserving Biodiversity and Sustaining Local Livelihoods. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30, 219-252.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.164507
[67] Fortwangler, C.L. (2003) The Winding Road: Incorporating Social Justice and Human Rights into Protected Areas Policies. In: Brechin, S.R., Wilhusen, P.R., Fortwangler, C.L. and West, P.C., Eds., Contested Nature: Promoting International Biodiversity with Social Justice in the Twenty-First Century, State University of New York Press, New York, 25-39.
[68] Holmes, G. (2007) Protection, Politics and Protest: Understanding Resistance to Conservation. Conservation and Society, 5, 184-211.
[69] Naguran, R. (2002) Property Rights and Protected Areas: The Case of Ndumo Game Reserve. Proceedings of the Research Seminar on Property Rights and Environmental Degradation, Durban, 27-30 May 2002.
[70] Magome, H. and Murombedzi, J. (2003) Sharing South African National Parks: Community Land and Conservation in a Democratic South Africa. In: Adams, W.M. and Mullingan, M., Eds., Decolonizing Nature—Strategies for Conservation in a Post-Colonial Era, Earthscan Publications Ltd., London.
[71] Naughton-Treves, L. and Sanderson, S. (1995) Property, Politics and Wildlife Conservation. World Development, 23, 1265-1275.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00045-E