Rural Livelihoods Vulnerabilities and Commercial Bushmeat Hunting Challenges in Cross River National Park, Nigeria
Affiliation(s)
1 Tropical Ecological Consult, Abuja, Nigeria. 2 Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
1 Tropical Ecological Consult, Abuja, Nigeria. 2 Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Biodiversity conservation in parks and protected areas in Africa in general and especially in Nigeria is seriously threatened by the explosion of commercial bushmeat hunting activities in buffer zone communities. Several fauna species are becoming endangered and the list of extinct species is increasing due to commercial bushmeat hunting activities. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research techniques, this paper assesses the livelihoods vulnerability underpinnings of commercial bushmeat hunting activities in Cross River National Park (CRNP). Results reveal that commercial bushmeat hunting activities are shaped by a vulnerability context that hinges on different elements of environmental shocks, seasonal challenges and surrounding societal trends. The paper highlights the conservation and global sustainable development implications of uncontrolled commercial bushmeat hunting practices and concludes with options on policy recommendations and future research trajectories.
Biodiversity conservation in parks and protected areas in Africa in general and especially in Nigeria is seriously threatened by the explosion of commercial bushmeat hunting activities in buffer zone communities. Several fauna species are becoming endangered and the list of extinct species is increasing due to commercial bushmeat hunting activities. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative research techniques, this paper assesses the livelihoods vulnerability underpinnings of commercial bushmeat hunting activities in Cross River National Park (CRNP). Results reveal that commercial bushmeat hunting activities are shaped by a vulnerability context that hinges on different elements of environmental shocks, seasonal challenges and surrounding societal trends. The paper highlights the conservation and global sustainable development implications of uncontrolled commercial bushmeat hunting practices and concludes with options on policy recommendations and future research trajectories.
Cite this paper
Enuoh, O. and Bisong, F. (2014) Rural Livelihoods Vulnerabilities and Commercial Bushmeat Hunting Challenges in Cross River National Park, Nigeria. Natural Resources, 5, 822-836. doi: 10.4236/nr.2014.513071.
Enuoh, O. and Bisong, F. (2014) Rural Livelihoods Vulnerabilities and Commercial Bushmeat Hunting Challenges in Cross River National Park, Nigeria. Natural Resources, 5, 822-836. doi: 10.4236/nr.2014.513071.
References
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[1] ODNRI/WWF (1989) Cross River National Park Oban Division: Plan for Developing the Park and Its Support Zone. London. [2] Brown, N.R., Wilkie, D., Bennett, D., Tutin, E., van Tol, C.G. and Christophers, T. (2008) Conservation and Use of Wildlife-Based Resources: The Bushmeat Crisis. Technical Series No. 33, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, and Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, 50 p. [3] Barnett, R. (2000) Food for Thought: The Utilization of Wild Meat in Eastern and Southern Africa. TRAFFIC East/ Southern Africa, Nairobi, 264. [4] Murray, M. (2003) Overkill and Sustainable Use. Science, 299, 1851-1853.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1079823 [5] Maisels, F., Kerming, E., Kermei, M., and Toh, C. (2001) The Extirpation of Large Mammals and Implications for Montane Forest Conservation: The Case of the Kilum-Ijim Forest, North-West Province, Cameroon. Oryx, 35, 322-331.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300032087 [6] David, B. (1995) Wildlife and National Parks in Northern Cameroon. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, No. 244, 43-54. [7] Ntiamo-Baidu, Y. (1997) Can Wildlife Contribute to Food Security in Africa? FAO Conservation Guide 33. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome. [8] Caspary, H.U. (1999) Utilisation de la faune sauvage en Cote d’Ivoire et Afrique de I’Ouest. Potentiels et contraintes pour la coopération au développement. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, Eschborn. [9] KEP (1997) Impact Assessment Study in Refugee Affected Districts of Biharamulo, Ngara and Karagwe. Kagera Environmental Project, Tanzania Agro-Industrial Services Limited, Dar es Salaam. [10] Newing, H. (2001) Bushmeat Hunting and Management: Implications of Duiker Ecology and Interspecific Competition. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 99-118.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016671524034 [11] Carpenter, G.M., Fusari, A. and Okongo, H. (2007) Subsistence Hunting and Exploitation of Mammals in the HautOgooud Province, South Eastern Gabon. Journal of Anthropological Sciences, 85, 183-193. [12] Bassett, T.J. (2005) Card-Carrying Hunters, Rural Poverty and Wildlife Decline in Northern Cote d’Ivoire. The Geographical Journal, 171, 71-82.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00147.x [13] Redford, K.H. (1992) The Empty Forest. Bioscience, 42, 412-422.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(94)00041-S [25] Fussel, H. (2007) Vulnerability: A Generally Applicable Conceptual Framework for Climate Change Research. Global Environmental Change, 17, 155-167.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.05.002 [26] O’Brien, K., Eriksen, S., Schjoien, A. and Nygaard, L. (2004) What’s in a Word? Conflicting Interpretations of Vulnerability in Climate Change Research. CICERO Working Paper 2004:04, Oslo University, Oslo. [27] Downing, T.E., Patwardhan, A., Mukhala, E., Stephen, L., Winograd, M. and Ziervogel, G. (2002) Vulnerability Assessment for Climate Adaptation. Adaptation Planning Framework Technical Paper 3. SEI Office, Oxford.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00136-3 [31] DFID (1999) Sustainable Livelihood Guidance Sheets.
http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0901/section2.pdf [32] Godoy, R., Jacobson, M. and Wilkie, D. (1998) Strategies of Rain-Forest Dwellers against Misfortunes: The Tsimane Indians of Bolivia. Ethnology, 37, 55-71.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3773848 [33] Scherr, S.J. (2000) A Downward Spiral? Research Evidence on the Relationship between Poverty and Natural Resource Degradation. Food Policy, 25, 479-498.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(00)00022-1 [34] Shackleton, C.M. and Shackleton, S.E. (2004) The Importance of Non-Timber Forest Products in Rural Livelihood Security and as Safety-Nets: A Review of Evidence from South Africa. South African Journal of Science, Rhodes Centenary Issue, 100, 658-664. [35] Wunder, S. (2001) Poverty Alleviation and Tropical Forests—What Scope for Synergies? World Development, 29, 1817-1833.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00070-5 [36] McSweeney, K. (2003) Tropical Forests as Safety-Nets? The Relative Importance of Forest Product Sale as Smallholder Insurance, Eastern Honduras. Proceedings of the International Conference on Rural Livelihoods, Forests and Biodiversity, Bonn, 19-23 May 2003. [37] McSweeney, K. (2005) Natural Insurance, Forest Access and Compound Misfortune: Forest Resources in Smallholder Coping Strategies before and after Hurricane Mitch, North Eastern Honduras. World Development, 33, 1453-1471.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.10.008 [38] Paumgarten, F. (2007) The Significance of the Safety-Net Role of NTFPs in Rural Livelihoods, South Africa. Master’s Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown. [39] Few, R. (2003) Flooding, Vulnerability and Coping Strategies: Local Responses to a Global Threat. Progress in Development Studies, 3, 43-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1464993403ps049ra [40] De Waal, A. and Whiteside, A. (2003) New Variant Famine: AIDS and the Food Crisis in Southern Africa. The Lancet, 362, 1234-1237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14548-5 [41] Maxwell, D., Ahiadeke, C., Levin, C., Armar-Klemesu, M., Zakariah, S. and Lamptey, G.W. (1999) Alternative FoodSecurity Indicators: Revisiting the Frequency and Severity of “Coping Strategies”. Food Policy, 24, 411-429.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(99)00051-2 [42] Wong, G.Y. and Godoy, R. (2003) Consumption and Vulnerability among Foragers and Horticulturalists in the Rainforest of Honduras. World Development, 31, 1405-1419.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(03)00099-8 [43] Dekker, M. (2004) Sustainability and Resourcefulness: Support Networks during Periods of Stress. World Development, 32, 1735-1751.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.06.002 [44] Heemskerk, M., Norton, A. and De Dehn, L. (2004) Does Public Welfare Crowd out Informal Safety Nets? Ethnographic Evidence from Rural Latin America. World Development, 32, 941-955.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.11.009 [45] Smith, D.R., Gordon, A., Meadows, K. and Zwick, K. (2001) Livelihood Diversification in Uganda: Patterns and Determinants of Change across Two Rural Districts. Food Policy, 26, 421-435.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00012-4 [46] De Jong, W., Campbell, B.M. and Schroder, J.M. (2000) Sustaining Incomes from Non-Timber Forest Products: Introduction and Synthesis. International Tree Crop Journal, 10, 267-275.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01435698.2000.9753015 [47] Kepe, T. (2002) Grassland Vegetation and Rural Livelihoods: A Case Study of Resource Value and Social Dynamics on the Wild Coast, South Africa. Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town. [48] Dovie, D.B.K. (2003) Rural Economy and Livelihoods from the Non-Timber Forest Products Trade. Compromising Sustainability in Southern Africa? International Journal of Sustainable Development World Ecology, 10, 247-262.
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