Prevalence of Hematuria among Emergency Department Healthcare Workers
Affiliation(s)
1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. 2 Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan. 3 Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia. 4 Department of Nursing, Kaomei Jounior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 6 Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan. 2 Department of Nursing, Hungkuang University, Taichung, Taiwan. 3 Centre for Environment and Population Health, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia. 4 Department of Nursing, Kaomei Jounior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 5 Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 6 Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Kuang-Tien General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
ABSTRACT
Background: In Taiwan, emergency departments are so busy that it is not uncommon for staffs (doctors and nurses) to be deprived of their lunch breaks or breaks to go to the restroom. As a consequence, during their busy shifts some emergency department healthcare workers choose to limit their water intake and no time to micturate which are both risk factors of urinary tract infection or urolithiasis. Hematuria is a common laboratory finding due to urinary tract infection and urolithiasis. Objective: To assess the prevalence of hematuria among the emergency department healthcare workers, we conducted a retrospective study in a district hospital in Taiwan. Documented data included those of healthcare workers who worked in the emergency department, as well as other departments of the same hospital. Methods: We reviewed the three-year records of general body checkup of hospital staffs who served in the emergency room and other departments of the same hospital between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2011. Statistical software SPSS statistical analysis of survey data recovery is applied; data and test results by the questionnaire analysis patterns are associated with the urinary system abnormalities to ANOVA analysis to explore the hospital group whether there is a significant sex differences, and the other to analyze and verify the correlation analysis to the Scheffe post-hoc comparison method. Results: A higher prevalence of hematuria was observed among emergency department healthcare workers when compared with their colleagues who work in other departments of the same hospital. Female workers have higher risk of urinary system abnormalities than male workers. Nurses in the urinary system abnormalities are higher than other positions category. Shift work system has a negative effect on the urinary system. Conclusion: In conclusion, hematuria is more prevalent among emergency department healthcare workers than healthcare workers working in the inpatient wards. Hematuria might well be due to urinary tract infection which in turns caused by the overwhelmingly busy nature of the emergency department duty that deprived the emergency department healthcare workers from frequent voiding and sufficient intake of fluid.
Background: In Taiwan, emergency departments are so busy that it is not uncommon for staffs (doctors and nurses) to be deprived of their lunch breaks or breaks to go to the restroom. As a consequence, during their busy shifts some emergency department healthcare workers choose to limit their water intake and no time to micturate which are both risk factors of urinary tract infection or urolithiasis. Hematuria is a common laboratory finding due to urinary tract infection and urolithiasis. Objective: To assess the prevalence of hematuria among the emergency department healthcare workers, we conducted a retrospective study in a district hospital in Taiwan. Documented data included those of healthcare workers who worked in the emergency department, as well as other departments of the same hospital. Methods: We reviewed the three-year records of general body checkup of hospital staffs who served in the emergency room and other departments of the same hospital between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2011. Statistical software SPSS statistical analysis of survey data recovery is applied; data and test results by the questionnaire analysis patterns are associated with the urinary system abnormalities to ANOVA analysis to explore the hospital group whether there is a significant sex differences, and the other to analyze and verify the correlation analysis to the Scheffe post-hoc comparison method. Results: A higher prevalence of hematuria was observed among emergency department healthcare workers when compared with their colleagues who work in other departments of the same hospital. Female workers have higher risk of urinary system abnormalities than male workers. Nurses in the urinary system abnormalities are higher than other positions category. Shift work system has a negative effect on the urinary system. Conclusion: In conclusion, hematuria is more prevalent among emergency department healthcare workers than healthcare workers working in the inpatient wards. Hematuria might well be due to urinary tract infection which in turns caused by the overwhelmingly busy nature of the emergency department duty that deprived the emergency department healthcare workers from frequent voiding and sufficient intake of fluid.
Cite this paper
Lin, H. , Juan, C. , Lin, L. , Lee, C. , Huang, C. (2014) Prevalence of Hematuria among Emergency Department Healthcare Workers. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5, 1207-1213. doi: 10.4236/ijcm.2014.519154.
Lin, H. , Juan, C. , Lin, L. , Lee, C. , Huang, C. (2014) Prevalence of Hematuria among Emergency Department Healthcare Workers. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5, 1207-1213. doi: 10.4236/ijcm.2014.519154.
References
[1] Bendtsen, A.L., Andersen, J.R. and Andersen, J.T. (1991) Infrequent Voiders Syndrome (Nurses Bladder). Prevalence among Nurses and Assistant Nurses in a Surgical Ward. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 25, 201-204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365599109107947 [2] Sugaya, K., Nishijima, S., Oda, M., Owan, T., Miyazato, M. and Ogawa, Y. (2008) Biochemical and Body Composition Analysis of Nocturia in the Elderly. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 27, 205-211.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20492 [3] Mangaoang, H.L.E. (2011) Renal Health Advocacy for Nurses in La Union: A Prototype. E-International Scientific Research Journal, 3, 34-46. [4] Hooton, T.M., Scholes, D., Hughes, J.P., Winter, C., Roberts, P.L., Stapleton, A.E., Stergachis, A. and Stamm, W.E. (1996) A Prospective Study of Risk Factors for Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infection in Young Women. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 468-474.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199608153350703 [5] Chung, A., Arianayagam, M. and Rashid, P. (2010) Bacterial Cystitis in Women. Australian Family Physician, 39, 295-298. [6] Alomar, M.Z., Akkam, A., Alashqar, S. and Eldali, A. (2013) Decreased Hydration Status of Emergency Department Physicians and Nurses by the End of Their Shift. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 6, 27.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1865-1380-6-27 [7] Hsieh, C.H., Chen, H.Y., Hsu, C.S., Chang, S.T. and Chiang, C.D. (2007) Risk Factors for Nocturia in Taiwanese Women Aged 20-59 Years. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 46, 166-170.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1028-4559(07)60012-6 [8] Hsieh, C.H., Chen, H.Y., Hsu, C.S., Chang, S.T., Kuo, T.C. and Chiang, C.D. (2006) Risk Factors for Urinary Frequency in Taiwanese Women Aged 20-59 Years. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 45, 329-332.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1028-4559(09)60253-9 [9] Hsieh, C.H., Lee, M.S., Lee, M.C., Kuo, T.C., Hsu, C.S. and Chang, S.T. (2008) Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Taiwanese Women Aged 20-59 Years. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 47, 197-202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1028-4559(08)60080-7 [10] Foxman, B. (1990) Recurring Urinary Tract Infection: Incidence and Risk Factors. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 331-333.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.80.3.331 [11] Nygaard, I. and Linder, M. (1997) Thirst at Work—An Occupational Hazard? International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, 8, 340-343.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02765593 [12] Palmer, M.H., Athanasopoulos, A., Lee, K.S., Takeda, M. and Wyndaele, J.J. (2012) Sociocultural and Environmental Influences on Bladder Health. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 66, 1132-1138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12029 [13] Szinnai, G., Schachinger, H., Arnaud, M.J., Linder, L. and Keller, U. (2005) Effect of Water Deprivation on Cognitive-Motor Performance in Healthy Men and Women. American Journal of Physiology—Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 289, 275-280.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00501.2004 [14] Suwazono, Y., et al. (2005) Long-Term Longitudinal Study on the Relationship between Alternating Shift Work and the Onset of Diabetes Mellitus in Male Japanese Workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 48, 455-461.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000214355.69182.fa [15] Brake, D.J. and Bates, G.P. (2003) Fluid Losses and Hydration Status of Industrial Workers under Thermal Stress Working Extended Shifts. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60, 90-96.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.2.90
[1] Bendtsen, A.L., Andersen, J.R. and Andersen, J.T. (1991) Infrequent Voiders Syndrome (Nurses Bladder). Prevalence among Nurses and Assistant Nurses in a Surgical Ward. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology, 25, 201-204.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365599109107947 [2] Sugaya, K., Nishijima, S., Oda, M., Owan, T., Miyazato, M. and Ogawa, Y. (2008) Biochemical and Body Composition Analysis of Nocturia in the Elderly. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 27, 205-211.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nau.20492 [3] Mangaoang, H.L.E. (2011) Renal Health Advocacy for Nurses in La Union: A Prototype. E-International Scientific Research Journal, 3, 34-46. [4] Hooton, T.M., Scholes, D., Hughes, J.P., Winter, C., Roberts, P.L., Stapleton, A.E., Stergachis, A. and Stamm, W.E. (1996) A Prospective Study of Risk Factors for Symptomatic Urinary Tract Infection in Young Women. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 468-474.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199608153350703 [5] Chung, A., Arianayagam, M. and Rashid, P. (2010) Bacterial Cystitis in Women. Australian Family Physician, 39, 295-298. [6] Alomar, M.Z., Akkam, A., Alashqar, S. and Eldali, A. (2013) Decreased Hydration Status of Emergency Department Physicians and Nurses by the End of Their Shift. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 6, 27.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1865-1380-6-27 [7] Hsieh, C.H., Chen, H.Y., Hsu, C.S., Chang, S.T. and Chiang, C.D. (2007) Risk Factors for Nocturia in Taiwanese Women Aged 20-59 Years. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 46, 166-170.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1028-4559(07)60012-6 [8] Hsieh, C.H., Chen, H.Y., Hsu, C.S., Chang, S.T., Kuo, T.C. and Chiang, C.D. (2006) Risk Factors for Urinary Frequency in Taiwanese Women Aged 20-59 Years. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 45, 329-332.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1028-4559(09)60253-9 [9] Hsieh, C.H., Lee, M.S., Lee, M.C., Kuo, T.C., Hsu, C.S. and Chang, S.T. (2008) Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Taiwanese Women Aged 20-59 Years. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 47, 197-202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1028-4559(08)60080-7 [10] Foxman, B. (1990) Recurring Urinary Tract Infection: Incidence and Risk Factors. American Journal of Public Health, 80, 331-333.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.80.3.331 [11] Nygaard, I. and Linder, M. (1997) Thirst at Work—An Occupational Hazard? International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, 8, 340-343.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02765593 [12] Palmer, M.H., Athanasopoulos, A., Lee, K.S., Takeda, M. and Wyndaele, J.J. (2012) Sociocultural and Environmental Influences on Bladder Health. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 66, 1132-1138.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.12029 [13] Szinnai, G., Schachinger, H., Arnaud, M.J., Linder, L. and Keller, U. (2005) Effect of Water Deprivation on Cognitive-Motor Performance in Healthy Men and Women. American Journal of Physiology—Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 289, 275-280.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00501.2004 [14] Suwazono, Y., et al. (2005) Long-Term Longitudinal Study on the Relationship between Alternating Shift Work and the Onset of Diabetes Mellitus in Male Japanese Workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 48, 455-461.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000214355.69182.fa [15] Brake, D.J. and Bates, G.P. (2003) Fluid Losses and Hydration Status of Industrial Workers under Thermal Stress Working Extended Shifts. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60, 90-96.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.2.90