A Grey Water Dam Design for the Treatment and Reuse of Grey Water from Single and Multiple Households
Author(s)
Ababu Teklemariam Tiruneh*
Affiliation(s)
Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Swaziland, Kwaluseni, Swaziland.
Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Swaziland, Kwaluseni, Swaziland.
ABSTRACT
An innovative design for the treatment and reuse of grey water is presented in the form of a grey water dam which is an outgrowth of the vertical grey water tower. A hydraulic equation has been formulated and is presented in this paper which is used to determine the seepage path within the grey water dam, and determine the dimensions of the dam components. The hydraulic equation model also helps in avoiding soil piping problems by keeping the phreatic line within the grey water dam. Vegetables are planted around the surface of the dam as a reuse option while helping recycling of water in the form of evapotranspiration. A successful pilot trial of this dam was run in Mnyamatsini area in Swaziland which can accept grey water from multiple households.
An innovative design for the treatment and reuse of grey water is presented in the form of a grey water dam which is an outgrowth of the vertical grey water tower. A hydraulic equation has been formulated and is presented in this paper which is used to determine the seepage path within the grey water dam, and determine the dimensions of the dam components. The hydraulic equation model also helps in avoiding soil piping problems by keeping the phreatic line within the grey water dam. Vegetables are planted around the surface of the dam as a reuse option while helping recycling of water in the form of evapotranspiration. A successful pilot trial of this dam was run in Mnyamatsini area in Swaziland which can accept grey water from multiple households.
KEYWORDS
Grey Water, Water Reuse, Water Recycling, Wastewater Treatment, Pollution, Environmental Protection
Grey Water, Water Reuse, Water Recycling, Wastewater Treatment, Pollution, Environmental Protection
Cite this paper
Tiruneh, A. (2014) A Grey Water Dam Design for the Treatment and Reuse of Grey Water from Single and Multiple Households. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6, 1259-1267. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2014.614115.
Tiruneh, A. (2014) A Grey Water Dam Design for the Treatment and Reuse of Grey Water from Single and Multiple Households. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6, 1259-1267. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2014.614115.
References
[1] International Water Management Institute, IWMI (2003) International Water Management Institute Water Policy Briefing-8. [2] Golda, A.E., Poyyamoli, G. and Nandhivarman, M. (2014) Characterization of Domestic Gray Water from Point Source to Determine the Potential for Urban Residential Reuse: A Short Review. [3] Jamrah, A., Al-Futaisi, A., Prathapar, S. and Harrasi, A.A. (2008) Evaluating Grey Water Reuse Potential for Sustainable Water Resources Management in Oman. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 137, 315-327.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9767-2 [4] Christova-Boal, D., Evans, R.E. and McFarlane, S. (1996) An Investigation into Gray Water Reuse for Urban Residential Properties. Desalination, 106, 391-397.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(96)00134-8 [5] Eriksson, E., Auffarth, K., Henze, M. and Ledin, A. (2002) Characteristics of Grey Wastewater. Urban Water, 4, 85-104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1462-0758(01)00064-4 [6] Jamrah, A., Al-Omari, A., Al-Qasem, L. and Abdel Ghani, N. (2006) Assessment Availability and Characteristics of Gray Water in Amman. Water International, 31, 210-220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2006.9709671 [7] Sheikh, B. (1993) The City of Los Angeles Grey Water Pilot Project Shows Safe Use of Grey Water Is Possible. In: Hon, K., Ed., Water Management in the 90s: A Time for Innovation, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 681. [8] Dixon, A., Butler, D. and Fewkes, A. (1999) Water Saving Potential of Domestic Water Reuses Systems Using Grey Water and Rainwater in Combination. Water Science Technology, 39, 25-32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00083-9 [9] Ushijima, K., Ito, K., Ito, R. and Funamizu, N. (2013) Grey Water Treatment by Slanted Soil Filter System. Hokkaido University, Sapporo Hokkaido. [10] Allen, L., Smith, J.C. and Palaniappan, M. (2010) Overview of Gray Water Reuse: The Potential of Gray Water Systems to Aid Sustainable Water Management. Oakland. [11] Carden, K., Armitage, N., Winter, K., Sichone, O., Rivett, U. and Kahonde, J. (2007) The Use and Disposal of Grey Water in the Non-Sewered Areas of South Africa: Part 1—Quantifying the Grey Water Generated and Assessing Its Quality. Water SA, 33, 425-432. [12] Katukiza, A.Y., Ronteltap, M., Niwagaba, C.B., Kansimme, F. and Lens, P.N.L. (2013) Grey Water Characterization and Pollutant Loads in Urban Slum. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 10, 1-14. [13] New South Wales Government, NSW (2007) Guidelines for Gray Water Reuse in Sewered, Single Household Residential Premises. Department of Energy Utilities and Sustainability, Sydney. [14] Jamrah, A., Futaisi, A., Harrasi, A. and Al-Qasem, L. (2004) Assessment of Grey Water Characteristics and Potential for Reuse in Agriculture. Proceedings of the International Conference on Water Management, Dead Sea, 30 May-3 June 2004. [15] Kadam, A., Oza, G., Nemade, P., Dutta, S. and Shankar, H. (2008) Municipal Wastewater Treatment Using Novel Constructed Soil Filter System. Chemosphere, 71, 975-981.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.048 [16] Nelson, M. (2014) Wastewater Garden Information Sheet. IS20120105.
www.wastewatergardens.com/pdf/WWG_AboutConstructedWetlands.pdf [17] World Health Organization, WHO (2006) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Grey Water. Volume 2: Waste Water Use in Agriculture. WHO Publication, Geneva. [18] Itayam, T., Kiji, M., Suetsugu, A., Tankan, N., Iwami, M. and Inamori, Y. (2004) On Site Experiments of the Slanted Soil Treatment Systems for Domestic Gray Water. Water Science and Technology, 53, 193-201.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.290 [19] Jefferson, B., Palmer, A., Jeffrey, P., Stuetz, R. and Judd, S. (2004) Gray Water Characterization and Its Impact on the Selection and Operation of Technologies for Urban Reuse. Water Science and Technology, 50, 157-164. [20] United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA (2000) Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Wetlands: Subsurface Flow, EPA 832-F-00-023. [21] Ohio EPA (2007) Division of Surface Water Revision. Small Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands with Soil Dispersal System Rule Reference: OAC 3745-42. [22] Tiruneh, A.T., Nkambule, S.J. and Ndlela, W.N. (2012) A Three Point Formula for Finding Roots of Equations by the Method of Least Squares. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, 2, 213-233. [23] Gerald, C.F. and Wheatley, P.O. (1994) Applied Numerical Analysis. 5th Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, New York.
[1] International Water Management Institute, IWMI (2003) International Water Management Institute Water Policy Briefing-8. [2] Golda, A.E., Poyyamoli, G. and Nandhivarman, M. (2014) Characterization of Domestic Gray Water from Point Source to Determine the Potential for Urban Residential Reuse: A Short Review. [3] Jamrah, A., Al-Futaisi, A., Prathapar, S. and Harrasi, A.A. (2008) Evaluating Grey Water Reuse Potential for Sustainable Water Resources Management in Oman. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 137, 315-327.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-9767-2 [4] Christova-Boal, D., Evans, R.E. and McFarlane, S. (1996) An Investigation into Gray Water Reuse for Urban Residential Properties. Desalination, 106, 391-397.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0011-9164(96)00134-8 [5] Eriksson, E., Auffarth, K., Henze, M. and Ledin, A. (2002) Characteristics of Grey Wastewater. Urban Water, 4, 85-104.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1462-0758(01)00064-4 [6] Jamrah, A., Al-Omari, A., Al-Qasem, L. and Abdel Ghani, N. (2006) Assessment Availability and Characteristics of Gray Water in Amman. Water International, 31, 210-220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2006.9709671 [7] Sheikh, B. (1993) The City of Los Angeles Grey Water Pilot Project Shows Safe Use of Grey Water Is Possible. In: Hon, K., Ed., Water Management in the 90s: A Time for Innovation, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 681. [8] Dixon, A., Butler, D. and Fewkes, A. (1999) Water Saving Potential of Domestic Water Reuses Systems Using Grey Water and Rainwater in Combination. Water Science Technology, 39, 25-32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(99)00083-9 [9] Ushijima, K., Ito, K., Ito, R. and Funamizu, N. (2013) Grey Water Treatment by Slanted Soil Filter System. Hokkaido University, Sapporo Hokkaido. [10] Allen, L., Smith, J.C. and Palaniappan, M. (2010) Overview of Gray Water Reuse: The Potential of Gray Water Systems to Aid Sustainable Water Management. Oakland. [11] Carden, K., Armitage, N., Winter, K., Sichone, O., Rivett, U. and Kahonde, J. (2007) The Use and Disposal of Grey Water in the Non-Sewered Areas of South Africa: Part 1—Quantifying the Grey Water Generated and Assessing Its Quality. Water SA, 33, 425-432. [12] Katukiza, A.Y., Ronteltap, M., Niwagaba, C.B., Kansimme, F. and Lens, P.N.L. (2013) Grey Water Characterization and Pollutant Loads in Urban Slum. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 10, 1-14. [13] New South Wales Government, NSW (2007) Guidelines for Gray Water Reuse in Sewered, Single Household Residential Premises. Department of Energy Utilities and Sustainability, Sydney. [14] Jamrah, A., Futaisi, A., Harrasi, A. and Al-Qasem, L. (2004) Assessment of Grey Water Characteristics and Potential for Reuse in Agriculture. Proceedings of the International Conference on Water Management, Dead Sea, 30 May-3 June 2004. [15] Kadam, A., Oza, G., Nemade, P., Dutta, S. and Shankar, H. (2008) Municipal Wastewater Treatment Using Novel Constructed Soil Filter System. Chemosphere, 71, 975-981.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.11.048 [16] Nelson, M. (2014) Wastewater Garden Information Sheet. IS20120105.
www.wastewatergardens.com/pdf/WWG_AboutConstructedWetlands.pdf [17] World Health Organization, WHO (2006) Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Grey Water. Volume 2: Waste Water Use in Agriculture. WHO Publication, Geneva. [18] Itayam, T., Kiji, M., Suetsugu, A., Tankan, N., Iwami, M. and Inamori, Y. (2004) On Site Experiments of the Slanted Soil Treatment Systems for Domestic Gray Water. Water Science and Technology, 53, 193-201.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.290 [19] Jefferson, B., Palmer, A., Jeffrey, P., Stuetz, R. and Judd, S. (2004) Gray Water Characterization and Its Impact on the Selection and Operation of Technologies for Urban Reuse. Water Science and Technology, 50, 157-164. [20] United States Environmental Protection Agency, EPA (2000) Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet Wetlands: Subsurface Flow, EPA 832-F-00-023. [21] Ohio EPA (2007) Division of Surface Water Revision. Small Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands with Soil Dispersal System Rule Reference: OAC 3745-42. [22] Tiruneh, A.T., Nkambule, S.J. and Ndlela, W.N. (2012) A Three Point Formula for Finding Roots of Equations by the Method of Least Squares. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, 2, 213-233. [23] Gerald, C.F. and Wheatley, P.O. (1994) Applied Numerical Analysis. 5th Edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, New York.