Evaluation of Total Hydrocarbons Levels and Traces Metals in Water and Sediment from Main Outfall Drain in Al-Nassiriya City/Southern Iraq
Affiliation(s)
1 Department of Biology, Collage of Science, Thi-Qar University, Nassiriya, Iraq. 2 Environmental Research Center, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
1 Department of Biology, Collage of Science, Thi-Qar University, Nassiriya, Iraq. 2 Environmental Research Center, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted during Dec2011-Nov2012 on three stations located in the south sector of Main Outfall Drain (MOD) River. Station 1 was near Al-Holandee Bridge which was the general carriage way in the center of Al-Nassiriya city, station 2 was 20 km far from the first station, while station 3 was in the beginning of the new branch. This study reveals the Seasonal Variation of Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in both surface waters, sediment and it is related with trace metals nickel and vanadium in water (dissolved, particulate) and sediment (residual and exchangeable) phases. Also, the study shows the relationships between the concentration of Ni and V with Total Organic Carbon (TOC%) in the sediment.
This study was conducted during Dec2011-Nov2012 on three stations located in the south sector of Main Outfall Drain (MOD) River. Station 1 was near Al-Holandee Bridge which was the general carriage way in the center of Al-Nassiriya city, station 2 was 20 km far from the first station, while station 3 was in the beginning of the new branch. This study reveals the Seasonal Variation of Total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in both surface waters, sediment and it is related with trace metals nickel and vanadium in water (dissolved, particulate) and sediment (residual and exchangeable) phases. Also, the study shows the relationships between the concentration of Ni and V with Total Organic Carbon (TOC%) in the sediment.
Cite this paper
Maktoof, A. , ALKhafaji, B. and Al-janabi, Z. (2014) Evaluation of Total Hydrocarbons Levels and Traces Metals in Water and Sediment from Main Outfall Drain in Al-Nassiriya City/Southern Iraq. Natural Resources, 5, 795-803. doi: 10.4236/nr.2014.513068.
Maktoof, A. , ALKhafaji, B. and Al-janabi, Z. (2014) Evaluation of Total Hydrocarbons Levels and Traces Metals in Water and Sediment from Main Outfall Drain in Al-Nassiriya City/Southern Iraq. Natural Resources, 5, 795-803. doi: 10.4236/nr.2014.513068.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2013.57102 [12] Gaudette, H.E., Flight, W.R., Toner, L. and Folger, D.W. (1974) An Inexpensive Titration Method for the Determination of Organic Carbon in Recent Sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44, 249-253. [13] Parsons, T.R., Maita, Y. and Lalli, C.M. (1984) A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis Pergamon. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 173 p. [14] Goutx, M.A. and Saliot, A. (1980) Relationship between Dissolved and Particulate Fatty Acids, Hydrocarbons, Chlorophyll a and Zooplankton Biomass in Ville Franche Bay, Mediterranean Sea. Marian Chemistry, 8, 299-318.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(80)90019-5 [15] Howell, F.N. (1961-1962) Standard Methods Chemical Analysis. 6th Edition, D. VNA Nostran Company, Inc., Prineeton. [16] Riely, J.P. and Taylor, D. (1968) Chelating Resins for the Concentration of Trace Elements from Sea Water and Their Analytical Use in Conjunction with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Analytica Chimica Acta, 40, 479-485. [17] Strugen, R.E., Desaulnicrs, J.A., Berman, S.S. and Russell, D.S. (1982) Determination of Trace Metals in Estuarine Sediment by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Analytica Chimica Acta, 134, 288-291. [18] Chester, R. and Voutsinou, F.G. (1981) The Initial Assessment of Trace Metal Pollution in Coastal Sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 12, 84-91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(81)90198-3 [19] Morgan, M.D., Morgan, J.M. and Wiersma, J.H. (1993) Environmental Science. Manging Biological and Kliassan Stream, Sulaimani, Kurdistant Region of Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, Sulaimani University, Sulaymaniyah. [20] Simpsion, C.D., Mosi, A.A., Cullen, W.R. and Reimer, K. (1996) Composition and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surficial Marine Sediment from Kilimat Harbour, Canada. Science of the Total Environment, 181, 265-278.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)05026-4 [21] WHO (World Health Organization) (1998) Selected Non-Heterocyclic Hydrocarbon. International Program on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, 202 p. [22] Zakaria, M.P., Takada, H., Tutsumi, S., Ohna, K., Yamada, J., Kouno, E. and Kumata, H. (2002) Distribution of Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Rivers and Estuaries in Malaysia: A Wide Spread Input of Petrogenic PAHs. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 1907-1918.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es011278+ [23] Al-Awady, A.A. (2012) Concentration of Some Trace Metals in Water, Sediment and Two Cyprinidae Species in Main Outfall Drain. AL. Nassiriya-Iraq. Ph.D. Thesis, College Science for Woman, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 204 p. [24] Elias, N.H. (1989) The Activity of Oil Degrading Bacterial in Khor Al-Zubair. M.Sc. Thesis, Marian Science Centre University of Basrah, Basrah, 130 p. [25] Al-Saad, H.T. and Al-Timari, A.A. (1993) Seasonal Variations of Dissolved Normal Alkanes in the Water Marshes of Iraq. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26, 207-212.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(93)90623-R [26] Brookes, K.M. (1997) Literature Review Computer Model and Assessment of the Potential Environmental Risks Associated with Creosote Treated Wood Products Used in Aquatic Environment. Western Wood Preservers Institute, 138 p.
http://www.wwpinstitute.org/documents/01creo497.pdf [27] Vrana, B., Pasch, A. and Popp, P. (2001) Polyarmatic Hydrocarbons Concentrations and Patterns in Sediment and Surface Water of Mansfed Region, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 3, 602-609.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b104707h [28] Narbone, J.F., Djomo, J.F., Ribera, D., Ferrier, V. and Garragues, P. (1999) Accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Adsorbed to Sediment by the Mollusk Corbicula fluminea. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 42, 18.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1998.1701 [29] Chindah, A.C., Braide, A.S. and Sibeudu, O.C. (2004) Distribution of Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Sediment and a Crustacean (Shrimp: Penaeus notialis) from the Bonny New Calabar River Estuary, Niger Delta. AJEAMRAGEE, 9, 1-17.
http://www.srcosmos.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx?aa=8856 [30] Corredor, J.E., Morell, J.M. and Del Castillo, C.E. (1990) Persistence of Spills Crude Oil in the Tropical Intertidal Environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 21, 385-392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(90)90647-Q [31] Hughes, P., Mckenzie, P. and Gibbs, C.F. (1975) The Microbial Degradation of Oil in the Sea. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 189, 375-390.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1975.0063 [32] ZoBell, C.E. and Prokop, J.F. (1966) Microbial Oxidation of Mineral Oils in Barataria Bay Bottom Deposits. Zeitschrift für allgemeine Mikrobiologie, 6, 143-162. [33] Atlas, R.M. (1981) Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: An Environmental Perspective. Journal of Microbiological Reviews, 45, 180-209. [34] Suwanagosoom, S. (2001) Accumulation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Food Chain around PHE Bay. Rayong Province. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies Mahidol University, Bangkok. [35] Al-Shahristani, H. and Al-Al-Attyia, M.G. (1972) Trace Elements in Iraqi Oils and Their Relationship to the Origin and Migration of These Oils. In: Vakovic, V., Ed., Trace Elements in Petroleum, Petroleum Publishing Company, Okalahoma, 269.
[1] Thorhang, A. (1992) The Involvement Fortune of Kuwaits. In: Al-Shatti, A.K. and Hurigtion, J.M., Eds., Proceedings of International Symposium on the Environment and the Health Impacts of the Kuwaiti Oil Fires, The University of Birmingham Press, Edgbaston, 94. [2] Carbioch, L., Dauvin, J.C. and Gentil, F. (1977) Preliminary Observations on Pollution of the Seabed and Disturbance of Sub-Littoral Communities in Northern Brittany by Oil from at the Amoco Cardiz. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 9, 303-307.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(78)90255-2 [3] Farrington, J.W., Frew, N.M., Gschwed, P.W. and Tripp, B.W. (1977) Hydrocarbons in North-Western Atlantic Coastal and Continental Margin Sediments. Estuarine Coastal Marian Science, 5, 792-808. [4] Patin, S. (1999) Environmental Impact of the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry. Eco Monitor Publishing, New York, 425. [5] Committee on Oil in the Sea (2003) Oil in the Sea III: Inputs, Fates, and Effects. The National Academies Press, Washington DC.
www.nap.edu [6] Al-Saad, H.T., Darmoian, S.A. and Al-Jassim, H.N.A. (2000) State of Oil Pollution in the Sediments of Northern-West Araubian Gulf after the 1991 Gulf Oil Spill. Journal of Marine Mesopotamia, 15, 145-156. [7] Al-Timari, A.A. (2000) Oil Pollution in Shatt Al-Arab Water: Studying the Monthly Variations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Journal of Marine Mesopotamia, 15, 535-548. [8] Al-Imarah, F.J.M., Ali, S.A. and Ali, A.A. (2010) Temporal and Spatial Variations of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Water and Sediments from Northern Parts of Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq. Journal of Marine Mesopotamia Sciences, 25, 65-74. [9] Al-Kubaysi, A.A. (1996) The Ecological Study of Suddam River. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 143. [10] Mohammed, S.S. (2010) Evaluation the Quality of Water in Al-Masab Alamm River in Thi-Qar Governorate. M.Sc. Thesis, Thi Qar University, Nasiriyah, 106. [11] Maktoof, A.A. (2013) Food Habits of Barbus luteus in Main Outfall Drain, Iraq. Natural Science, 5, 848-856.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2013.57102 [12] Gaudette, H.E., Flight, W.R., Toner, L. and Folger, D.W. (1974) An Inexpensive Titration Method for the Determination of Organic Carbon in Recent Sediments. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 44, 249-253. [13] Parsons, T.R., Maita, Y. and Lalli, C.M. (1984) A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis Pergamon. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 173 p. [14] Goutx, M.A. and Saliot, A. (1980) Relationship between Dissolved and Particulate Fatty Acids, Hydrocarbons, Chlorophyll a and Zooplankton Biomass in Ville Franche Bay, Mediterranean Sea. Marian Chemistry, 8, 299-318.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(80)90019-5 [15] Howell, F.N. (1961-1962) Standard Methods Chemical Analysis. 6th Edition, D. VNA Nostran Company, Inc., Prineeton. [16] Riely, J.P. and Taylor, D. (1968) Chelating Resins for the Concentration of Trace Elements from Sea Water and Their Analytical Use in Conjunction with Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Analytica Chimica Acta, 40, 479-485. [17] Strugen, R.E., Desaulnicrs, J.A., Berman, S.S. and Russell, D.S. (1982) Determination of Trace Metals in Estuarine Sediment by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Analytica Chimica Acta, 134, 288-291. [18] Chester, R. and Voutsinou, F.G. (1981) The Initial Assessment of Trace Metal Pollution in Coastal Sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 12, 84-91.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(81)90198-3 [19] Morgan, M.D., Morgan, J.M. and Wiersma, J.H. (1993) Environmental Science. Manging Biological and Kliassan Stream, Sulaimani, Kurdistant Region of Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, Sulaimani University, Sulaymaniyah. [20] Simpsion, C.D., Mosi, A.A., Cullen, W.R. and Reimer, K. (1996) Composition and Distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surficial Marine Sediment from Kilimat Harbour, Canada. Science of the Total Environment, 181, 265-278.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)05026-4 [21] WHO (World Health Organization) (1998) Selected Non-Heterocyclic Hydrocarbon. International Program on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, 202 p. [22] Zakaria, M.P., Takada, H., Tutsumi, S., Ohna, K., Yamada, J., Kouno, E. and Kumata, H. (2002) Distribution of Poly cyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Rivers and Estuaries in Malaysia: A Wide Spread Input of Petrogenic PAHs. Environmental Science and Technology, 36, 1907-1918.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es011278+ [23] Al-Awady, A.A. (2012) Concentration of Some Trace Metals in Water, Sediment and Two Cyprinidae Species in Main Outfall Drain. AL. Nassiriya-Iraq. Ph.D. Thesis, College Science for Woman, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, 204 p. [24] Elias, N.H. (1989) The Activity of Oil Degrading Bacterial in Khor Al-Zubair. M.Sc. Thesis, Marian Science Centre University of Basrah, Basrah, 130 p. [25] Al-Saad, H.T. and Al-Timari, A.A. (1993) Seasonal Variations of Dissolved Normal Alkanes in the Water Marshes of Iraq. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 26, 207-212.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(93)90623-R [26] Brookes, K.M. (1997) Literature Review Computer Model and Assessment of the Potential Environmental Risks Associated with Creosote Treated Wood Products Used in Aquatic Environment. Western Wood Preservers Institute, 138 p.
http://www.wwpinstitute.org/documents/01creo497.pdf [27] Vrana, B., Pasch, A. and Popp, P. (2001) Polyarmatic Hydrocarbons Concentrations and Patterns in Sediment and Surface Water of Mansfed Region, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 3, 602-609.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b104707h [28] Narbone, J.F., Djomo, J.F., Ribera, D., Ferrier, V. and Garragues, P. (1999) Accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Adsorbed to Sediment by the Mollusk Corbicula fluminea. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 42, 18.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/eesa.1998.1701 [29] Chindah, A.C., Braide, A.S. and Sibeudu, O.C. (2004) Distribution of Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Sediment and a Crustacean (Shrimp: Penaeus notialis) from the Bonny New Calabar River Estuary, Niger Delta. AJEAMRAGEE, 9, 1-17.
http://www.srcosmos.gr/srcosmos/showpub.aspx?aa=8856 [30] Corredor, J.E., Morell, J.M. and Del Castillo, C.E. (1990) Persistence of Spills Crude Oil in the Tropical Intertidal Environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 21, 385-392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(90)90647-Q [31] Hughes, P., Mckenzie, P. and Gibbs, C.F. (1975) The Microbial Degradation of Oil in the Sea. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 189, 375-390.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1975.0063 [32] ZoBell, C.E. and Prokop, J.F. (1966) Microbial Oxidation of Mineral Oils in Barataria Bay Bottom Deposits. Zeitschrift für allgemeine Mikrobiologie, 6, 143-162. [33] Atlas, R.M. (1981) Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: An Environmental Perspective. Journal of Microbiological Reviews, 45, 180-209. [34] Suwanagosoom, S. (2001) Accumulation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Food Chain around PHE Bay. Rayong Province. M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies Mahidol University, Bangkok. [35] Al-Shahristani, H. and Al-Al-Attyia, M.G. (1972) Trace Elements in Iraqi Oils and Their Relationship to the Origin and Migration of These Oils. In: Vakovic, V., Ed., Trace Elements in Petroleum, Petroleum Publishing Company, Okalahoma, 269.