Breathing Television: A Breathing Controlled Multimedia Player for Reducing Breathing Rate
ABSTRACT
We have designed a breathing paced television; a television that plays content in sync with users’ activity of exhaling through pursed lips, to achieve better motivation and compliance of such exercises. Described system has been tested with control group who have watched the same video. Breathing rate reduction was significantly higher in active group (54.48% ± 8.34%) than in control group (6.84% ± 17.21%), however, the proposed method of watching television is obviously not as trivial as watching television per se.
We have designed a breathing paced television; a television that plays content in sync with users’ activity of exhaling through pursed lips, to achieve better motivation and compliance of such exercises. Described system has been tested with control group who have watched the same video. Breathing rate reduction was significantly higher in active group (54.48% ± 8.34%) than in control group (6.84% ± 17.21%), however, the proposed method of watching television is obviously not as trivial as watching television per se.
KEYWORDS
Breathing Television, Breathing Rate Reduction, Pursed Lip Breathing, Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Breathing Television, Breathing Rate Reduction, Pursed Lip Breathing, Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Cite this paper
Leskovsek, M. , Pušenjak, N. , Lasic, A. and Ravnik, D. (2014) Breathing Television: A Breathing Controlled Multimedia Player for Reducing Breathing Rate. Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases, 4, 111-118. doi: 10.4236/ojrd.2014.44015.
Leskovsek, M. , Pušenjak, N. , Lasic, A. and Ravnik, D. (2014) Breathing Television: A Breathing Controlled Multimedia Player for Reducing Breathing Rate. Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases, 4, 111-118. doi: 10.4236/ojrd.2014.44015.
References
[1] Nield, M., Soo, H., Roper, J. and Santiago, S. (2007) Efficacy of Pursed-Lips Breathing: A Breathing Pattern Retraining Strategy for Dyspnea Reduction. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation & Prevention, 27, 237-244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.HCR.0000281770.82652.cb [2] Dechman, G. and Wilson, C.R. (2004) Evidence Underlying Breathing Retraining in People with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Physical Therapy, 84, 1189-1197. [3] Fregonezi, G.A., Resqueti, V.R. and Rous, R.G. (2004) Pursed Lips Breathing. Archivos de Bronconeumologia (English Edition), 40, 279-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1579-2129(06)70099-4 [4] Spahija, J.A. and Grassino, A. (1996) Effects of Pursed-Lips Breathing and Expiratory Resistive Loading in Healthy Subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology, 80, 1772-1784. [5] Kreibig, S.D., Wilhelm, F.H., Roth, W.T. and Gross, J.J. (2007) Cardiovascular, Electrodermal, and Respiratory Response Patterns to Fear-and Sadness-Inducing Films. Psychophysiology, 44, 787-806.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00550.x [6] Paccalin, C. and Jeannerod, M. (2000) Changes in Breathing during Observation of Effortful Actions. Brain Research, 862, 194-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02145-4 [7] Haruki, Y., Homma, I., Umezawa, A. and Masaoka, Y. (2001) Respiration and Emotion. Springer, Berlin.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-67901-1 [8] Hark, W.T., Thompson, W.M., McLaughlin, T.E., Wheatley, L.M. and Platts-Mills, T.A.E. (2005) Spontaneous Sigh Rates during Sedentary Activity: Watching Television vs Reading. Annals of Allergy, Asthma Immunology, 94, 247- 250.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61303-8 [9] Paavonen, E.J., Pennonen, M., Roine, M., Valkonen, S. and Lahikainen, A.R. (2006) TV Exposure Associated with Sleep Disturbances in 5-to 6-Year-Old Children. Journal of Sleep Research, 15, 154-161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00525.x [10] Butler-Williams, C. and Rg, M.A. (2005) Increasing Staff Awareness of Respiratory Rate Significance. Resuscitation, 62, 137-141. [11] Hogan, J. (2006) Why Don’t Nurses Monitor the Respiratory Rates of Patients? British Journal of Nursing, 15, 489-492.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2006.15.9.21087 [12] Goldstein, D.S., Robertson, D., Esler, M., Straus, S.E. and Eisenhofer, G. (2002) Dysautonomias: Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137, 753-763.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-9-200211050-00011 [13] Anderson, B. and Ley, R. (2001) Dyspnea during Panic Attacks. Behavior Modification, 25, 546-554.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445501254004 [14] Ley, R. (1999) The Modification of Breathing Behavior. Behavior Modification, 23, 441-479.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445599233006 [15] Bernardi, L., Spadacini, G., Bellwon, J., Hajric, R., Roskamm, H. and Frey, A.W. (1998) Effect of Breathing Rate on Oxygen Saturation and Exercise Performance in Chronic Heart Failure. The Lancet, 351, 1308-1311.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10341-5 [16] Clark, F.J. and von Euler, C. (1972) On the Regulation of Depth and Rate of Breathing. The Journal of Physiology, 222, 267-295. [17] Bernardi, L., Porta, C., Spicuzza, L., Bellwon, J., Spadacini, G., Frey, A.W., Yeung, L.Y., Sanderson, J.E., Pedretti, R. and Tramarin, R. (2002) Slow Breathing Increases Arterial Baroreflex Sensitivity in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Circulation, 105, 143-145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hc0202.103311 [18] Bernardi, L., Gabutti, A., Porta, C. and Spicuzza, L. (2001) Slow Breathing Reduces Chemoreflex Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia, and Increases Baroreflex Sensitivity. Journal of Hypertension, 19, 2221-2229.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200112000-00016 [19] Bianchi, R., Gigliotti, F., Romagnoli, I., Lanini, B., Castellani, C., Grazzini, M. and Scano, G. (2004) Chest Wall Kinematics and Breathlessness during Pursed-Lip Breathing in Patients with COPD. CHEST Journal, 125, 459-465.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.125.2.459 [20] Bianchi, R., Gigliotti, F., Romagnoli, I., Lanini, B., Castellani, C., Binazzi, B., Stendardi, L., Grazzini, M. and Scano, G. (2007) Patterns of Chest Wall Kinematics during Volitional Pursed-Lip Breathing in COPD at Rest. Respiratory Medicine, 101, 1412-1418.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2007.01.021 [21] Barach, A.L. (1973) Physiologic Advantages of Grunting, Groaning, and Pursed-Lip Breathing: Adaptive Symptoms Related to the Development of Continuous Positive Pressure Breathing. The Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 49, 666-673. [22] Tiep, B.L., Burns, M., Kao, D., Madison, R. and Herrera, J. (1986) Pursed Lips Breathing Training Using Ear Oximetry. CHEST Journal, 90, 218-221. [23] Breslin, E.H. (1992) The Pattern of Respiratory Muscle Recruitment during Pursed-Lip Breathing. CHEST Journal, 101, 75-78.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.101.1.75 [24] Mueller, R.E., Petty, T.L. and Filley, G.F. (1970) Ventilation and Arterial Blood Gas Changes Induced by Pursed Lips Breathing. Journal of Applied Physiology, 28, 784-789. [25] Leskovsek, M., Ahlin, D., Potocnik, M.M., Ravnikar, M. and Marc, M. (2010) Rapid Responsive, Non-Invasive Breathing Detection System to Be Used in Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. Informatica Medica Slovenica, 2010. [26] Leskovsek, M., Ahlin, D., Cancer, R., Hosta, M., Enova, D., Pusenjak, N. and Bunc, M. (2011) Low Latency Breathing Frequency Detection and Monitoring on a Personal Computer. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 35, 322-329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03091902.2011.591481 [27] Leskovsek, M., Lasic, M. and Ahlin, D. (2013) Respiratory Physiotherapy in a Web Browser, Feasibility Study. Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases, 3, 150-153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/03091902.2013.34023
[1] Nield, M., Soo, H., Roper, J. and Santiago, S. (2007) Efficacy of Pursed-Lips Breathing: A Breathing Pattern Retraining Strategy for Dyspnea Reduction. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation & Prevention, 27, 237-244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.HCR.0000281770.82652.cb [2] Dechman, G. and Wilson, C.R. (2004) Evidence Underlying Breathing Retraining in People with Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Physical Therapy, 84, 1189-1197. [3] Fregonezi, G.A., Resqueti, V.R. and Rous, R.G. (2004) Pursed Lips Breathing. Archivos de Bronconeumologia (English Edition), 40, 279-282.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1579-2129(06)70099-4 [4] Spahija, J.A. and Grassino, A. (1996) Effects of Pursed-Lips Breathing and Expiratory Resistive Loading in Healthy Subjects. Journal of Applied Physiology, 80, 1772-1784. [5] Kreibig, S.D., Wilhelm, F.H., Roth, W.T. and Gross, J.J. (2007) Cardiovascular, Electrodermal, and Respiratory Response Patterns to Fear-and Sadness-Inducing Films. Psychophysiology, 44, 787-806.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00550.x [6] Paccalin, C. and Jeannerod, M. (2000) Changes in Breathing during Observation of Effortful Actions. Brain Research, 862, 194-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02145-4 [7] Haruki, Y., Homma, I., Umezawa, A. and Masaoka, Y. (2001) Respiration and Emotion. Springer, Berlin.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-67901-1 [8] Hark, W.T., Thompson, W.M., McLaughlin, T.E., Wheatley, L.M. and Platts-Mills, T.A.E. (2005) Spontaneous Sigh Rates during Sedentary Activity: Watching Television vs Reading. Annals of Allergy, Asthma Immunology, 94, 247- 250.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61303-8 [9] Paavonen, E.J., Pennonen, M., Roine, M., Valkonen, S. and Lahikainen, A.R. (2006) TV Exposure Associated with Sleep Disturbances in 5-to 6-Year-Old Children. Journal of Sleep Research, 15, 154-161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2006.00525.x [10] Butler-Williams, C. and Rg, M.A. (2005) Increasing Staff Awareness of Respiratory Rate Significance. Resuscitation, 62, 137-141. [11] Hogan, J. (2006) Why Don’t Nurses Monitor the Respiratory Rates of Patients? British Journal of Nursing, 15, 489-492.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2006.15.9.21087 [12] Goldstein, D.S., Robertson, D., Esler, M., Straus, S.E. and Eisenhofer, G. (2002) Dysautonomias: Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137, 753-763.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-9-200211050-00011 [13] Anderson, B. and Ley, R. (2001) Dyspnea during Panic Attacks. Behavior Modification, 25, 546-554.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445501254004 [14] Ley, R. (1999) The Modification of Breathing Behavior. Behavior Modification, 23, 441-479.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445599233006 [15] Bernardi, L., Spadacini, G., Bellwon, J., Hajric, R., Roskamm, H. and Frey, A.W. (1998) Effect of Breathing Rate on Oxygen Saturation and Exercise Performance in Chronic Heart Failure. The Lancet, 351, 1308-1311.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10341-5 [16] Clark, F.J. and von Euler, C. (1972) On the Regulation of Depth and Rate of Breathing. The Journal of Physiology, 222, 267-295. [17] Bernardi, L., Porta, C., Spicuzza, L., Bellwon, J., Spadacini, G., Frey, A.W., Yeung, L.Y., Sanderson, J.E., Pedretti, R. and Tramarin, R. (2002) Slow Breathing Increases Arterial Baroreflex Sensitivity in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure. Circulation, 105, 143-145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hc0202.103311 [18] Bernardi, L., Gabutti, A., Porta, C. and Spicuzza, L. (2001) Slow Breathing Reduces Chemoreflex Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia, and Increases Baroreflex Sensitivity. Journal of Hypertension, 19, 2221-2229.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004872-200112000-00016 [19] Bianchi, R., Gigliotti, F., Romagnoli, I., Lanini, B., Castellani, C., Grazzini, M. and Scano, G. (2004) Chest Wall Kinematics and Breathlessness during Pursed-Lip Breathing in Patients with COPD. CHEST Journal, 125, 459-465.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.125.2.459 [20] Bianchi, R., Gigliotti, F., Romagnoli, I., Lanini, B., Castellani, C., Binazzi, B., Stendardi, L., Grazzini, M. and Scano, G. (2007) Patterns of Chest Wall Kinematics during Volitional Pursed-Lip Breathing in COPD at Rest. Respiratory Medicine, 101, 1412-1418.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2007.01.021 [21] Barach, A.L. (1973) Physiologic Advantages of Grunting, Groaning, and Pursed-Lip Breathing: Adaptive Symptoms Related to the Development of Continuous Positive Pressure Breathing. The Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 49, 666-673. [22] Tiep, B.L., Burns, M., Kao, D., Madison, R. and Herrera, J. (1986) Pursed Lips Breathing Training Using Ear Oximetry. CHEST Journal, 90, 218-221. [23] Breslin, E.H. (1992) The Pattern of Respiratory Muscle Recruitment during Pursed-Lip Breathing. CHEST Journal, 101, 75-78.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.101.1.75 [24] Mueller, R.E., Petty, T.L. and Filley, G.F. (1970) Ventilation and Arterial Blood Gas Changes Induced by Pursed Lips Breathing. Journal of Applied Physiology, 28, 784-789. [25] Leskovsek, M., Ahlin, D., Potocnik, M.M., Ravnikar, M. and Marc, M. (2010) Rapid Responsive, Non-Invasive Breathing Detection System to Be Used in Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. Informatica Medica Slovenica, 2010. [26] Leskovsek, M., Ahlin, D., Cancer, R., Hosta, M., Enova, D., Pusenjak, N. and Bunc, M. (2011) Low Latency Breathing Frequency Detection and Monitoring on a Personal Computer. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 35, 322-329.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03091902.2011.591481 [27] Leskovsek, M., Lasic, M. and Ahlin, D. (2013) Respiratory Physiotherapy in a Web Browser, Feasibility Study. Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases, 3, 150-153.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/03091902.2013.34023