Pumped-Storage Solution towards Energy Efficiency and Sustainability: Portugal Contribution and Real Case Studies
Affiliation(s)
Departmentof Civil Engineering, Architectureand Georesources, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Departmentof Civil Engineering, Architectureand Georesources, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
ABSTRACT
This paper aims at presenting different pumped-storage solutions for improving the energy efficiency and economic sustainability of water systems. The assessment of pumped-storage solutions, either using fresh water or sea-water, is seen as a viable option to solve problems of energy production, as well as in the integration of intermittent renewable energies, providing system flexibility due to energy loads’ fluctuation, as long as the storage of energy from intermittent sources. Pumped-storage is one of the best and most efficient options in terms of renewable resources as an integrated solution allowing the improvement of the energy system elasticity and the global system efficiency. Two real case studies are presented: a fresh water system installed in a river dams—the Alqueva system, in Portugal—and a sea-water system in an arid region of the Cape Verde Islands in Africa. These cases demonstrate the benefits associated to pumped-storage solutions, depending on the storage volume capacity, operational rules and energy tariffs.
This paper aims at presenting different pumped-storage solutions for improving the energy efficiency and economic sustainability of water systems. The assessment of pumped-storage solutions, either using fresh water or sea-water, is seen as a viable option to solve problems of energy production, as well as in the integration of intermittent renewable energies, providing system flexibility due to energy loads’ fluctuation, as long as the storage of energy from intermittent sources. Pumped-storage is one of the best and most efficient options in terms of renewable resources as an integrated solution allowing the improvement of the energy system elasticity and the global system efficiency. Two real case studies are presented: a fresh water system installed in a river dams—the Alqueva system, in Portugal—and a sea-water system in an arid region of the Cape Verde Islands in Africa. These cases demonstrate the benefits associated to pumped-storage solutions, depending on the storage volume capacity, operational rules and energy tariffs.
Cite this paper
Ramos, H. , Amaral, M. and Covas, D. (2014) Pumped-Storage Solution towards Energy Efficiency and Sustainability: Portugal Contribution and Real Case Studies. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6, 1099-1111. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2014.612103.
Ramos, H. , Amaral, M. and Covas, D. (2014) Pumped-Storage Solution towards Energy Efficiency and Sustainability: Portugal Contribution and Real Case Studies. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 6, 1099-1111. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2014.612103.
References
[1] Ramos, J.S. and Ramos, H.M. (2009) Sustainable Application of Renewable Sources in Water Pumping Systems: Optimized Energy System Configuration. Energy Policy, 37, 633-643.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.10.006 . [2] Ramos, J.S. and Ramos, H.M. (2010) Multi-Criterion Optimization of Energy Management in Drinking Systems. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply—WSTWS, 10, 129-144.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.011 [3] Ramos, H.M., Vieira, F. and Covas, D. (2010) Energy Efficiency in a Water Supply System. Water Science and Engineering, 3, 331-340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2010.03.009 [4] Goncalves, F.V., Costa, L.H. and Ramos, H.M. (2011) Best Economical Hybrid Energy Solution: Model Development and Case Study of a WDS in Portugal. Energy Policy, 39, 3361-3369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.03.031 [5] Ramos, H.M., Kenov, K.N. and Vieira, F. (2011) Environmentally Friendly Hybrid Solutions to Improve the Energy and Hydraulic Efficiency in Water Supply Systems. Energy for Sustainable Development, 15, 436-442.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2011.07.009 [6] Goncalves, F.V. and Ramos, H.M. (2011) ANN for Hybrid Energy System Evaluation: Methodology and WSS Case Study. Water Resources and Management (WARM), 25, 2295-2317.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9809-y [7] Wood, L. (2011) Manage Renewable Risk: Assessing Offshore Margins. Renewable Energy World Magazine.
http://library.certh.gr/libfiles/E-JOURS/FULL-TXT/REW-V-14-I-
6-PP-124-Y-ND-2011.pdf [8] EUROPEAN COMMISSION. European Energy Pocket Book 2010.
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/statistics/part_2_
energy_pocket_book_2010.pdf [9] Miller, R.R. and Winters, M. (2009) Energy Storage: Opportunities for Pumped-Storage: Supporting Renewable Goals (www.hydroworld.com), Hydro Review.
http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/hr/print/volume-28/issue-5/
Featured_Articles/energy-storage-opportunities-for-pumped-
storage-supporting-renewable-energy-goals.html [10] Vieira, F. and Ramos, H.M. (2009) Optimization of Operational Planning for Wind/Hydro Hybrid Water Supply Systems. Renewable Energy, 34, 928-936.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.05.031 [11] Vieira, F. and Ramos, H.M. (2009) Optimization of the Energy Management in Water Supply Systems. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply—WSTWS, 9, 59-65.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.768 [12] Vieira, F. and Ramos, H.M. (2008) Hybrid Solution and Pump-Storage Optimization in Water Supply System Efficiency: A Case Study. Energy Policy, 36, 4142-4148.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.07.040 [13] E-VALUE (2011) Energy and CO2 Emissions—Technical Report (in Portuguese). [14] Goncalves, F.V., Costa, L.H. and Ramos, H.M. (2011) Best Economical Hybrid Energy Solution: Model Development and Case Study of a WDS in Portugal. Energy Policy, 39, 3361-3369. [15] Ramos, H.M., Kenov, K.N. and Vieira, F. (2011) Environmentally Friendly Hybrid Solutions to Improve the Energy and Hydraulic Efficiency in Water Supply Systems. Energy for Sustainable Development, Elsevier, 15, 436-442. [16] Ramos, H.M. (2012) Pumped-Storage and Hybrid Energy Solutions towards the Improvement of Energy Efficiency in Water Systems. INTECH.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50024 [17] Wood, L. (2011) Manage Renewable Risk: Assessing Offshore Margins. Renewable Energy World Magazine.
http://library.certh.gr/libfiles/E-JOURS/FULL-TXT/REW-V-14-I-
6-PP-124-Y-ND-2011.pdf. [18] Ramos, H.M., Mello, M. and De, P.K. (2010) Clean Power in Water Supply Systems as a Sustainable Solution: From Conceptual to Practical Analysis. IWA Publishing, Water Science & Technology: Water Supply—WSTWS, 10, 39-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.720 [19] Ramos, H. (2000) Guidelines for Design of Small Hydropower Plants. WREAN (Western Regional Energy Agency and Network) and DED (Department of Economic Development-Energy Division), Belfast, N. pages: 205. [20] EDP (2010) New Hydropower Plants. Technical Report.
www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt [21] Hey, C. (2012) EU Governance for a Sustainable Energy Mix. Advisory Council on the Environment, Berlin. [22] Kimmins, J.P. (2001) The Ethics of Energy: A Framework for Action. In: Kimmins, J.P., Eds., Chairperson of the COMEST Sub-Commissionon the Ethics of Energy, UNESCO, Paris. [23] Brecher, A. (2011) Assessment of Needs and Research Roadmaps for Rechargeable Energy Storage System Onboard Electric Drive Buses. Federal Report No. FTA-TRI-MA-26-7125-2011.1. [24] Deane, J.P., Gallachoir, B.P. and Mckeogh, E.J. (2010) Techno-Economic Review of Existing and New Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Plant. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 1293-1302.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.015 [25] Tam, S.W., Blomquist, C.A. and Kartsounes, G.T. (1979) Underground Pumped Hydro Storage—An Overview. Energy Sources, 4, 329-351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908317908908068 [26] EDP (2012) The Alqueva II and SalamondeII Upgrade Projects in Portugal. Technical Report. [27] Zuber, M. (2011) Renaissance for Pumped-Storage in Europe. HRW-Hydro Review Worldwide.
http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/print/volume-19/issue-3/
articles/new-development/renaissance-for-
pumped-storage-in-europe.html [28] ECOPROG (2011) Ecoprog GmbH Consulting Group.
www.ecoprog.com [29] FEPC (2010) Electricity Review Japan. The Federation of Electricity Companies of Japan.
http://www.fepc.or.jp/english/library/electricity_eview_japan/index.html [30] Fujihara, T., Imano, H. and Oshima, K. (1998) Development of Pump Turbine for Seawater Pumped-Storage Power Plant. Hitachi Review, 47, 199-202. [31] Seawater Pumped-Storage Power Plant. Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. (J-Power)
http://www.kankeiren.or.jp/kankyou/en/pdf/en108.pdf [32] Yang, C.J. and Jackson, R. (2011) Opportunities and Barriers to Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage in the United States. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 839-844.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.020
[1] Ramos, J.S. and Ramos, H.M. (2009) Sustainable Application of Renewable Sources in Water Pumping Systems: Optimized Energy System Configuration. Energy Policy, 37, 633-643.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.10.006 . [2] Ramos, J.S. and Ramos, H.M. (2010) Multi-Criterion Optimization of Energy Management in Drinking Systems. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply—WSTWS, 10, 129-144.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.011 [3] Ramos, H.M., Vieira, F. and Covas, D. (2010) Energy Efficiency in a Water Supply System. Water Science and Engineering, 3, 331-340.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3882/j.issn.1674-2370.2010.03.009 [4] Goncalves, F.V., Costa, L.H. and Ramos, H.M. (2011) Best Economical Hybrid Energy Solution: Model Development and Case Study of a WDS in Portugal. Energy Policy, 39, 3361-3369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.03.031 [5] Ramos, H.M., Kenov, K.N. and Vieira, F. (2011) Environmentally Friendly Hybrid Solutions to Improve the Energy and Hydraulic Efficiency in Water Supply Systems. Energy for Sustainable Development, 15, 436-442.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2011.07.009 [6] Goncalves, F.V. and Ramos, H.M. (2011) ANN for Hybrid Energy System Evaluation: Methodology and WSS Case Study. Water Resources and Management (WARM), 25, 2295-2317.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9809-y [7] Wood, L. (2011) Manage Renewable Risk: Assessing Offshore Margins. Renewable Energy World Magazine.
http://library.certh.gr/libfiles/E-JOURS/FULL-TXT/REW-V-14-I-
6-PP-124-Y-ND-2011.pdf [8] EUROPEAN COMMISSION. European Energy Pocket Book 2010.
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/statistics/part_2_
energy_pocket_book_2010.pdf [9] Miller, R.R. and Winters, M. (2009) Energy Storage: Opportunities for Pumped-Storage: Supporting Renewable Goals (www.hydroworld.com), Hydro Review.
http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/hr/print/volume-28/issue-5/
Featured_Articles/energy-storage-opportunities-for-pumped-
storage-supporting-renewable-energy-goals.html [10] Vieira, F. and Ramos, H.M. (2009) Optimization of Operational Planning for Wind/Hydro Hybrid Water Supply Systems. Renewable Energy, 34, 928-936.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2008.05.031 [11] Vieira, F. and Ramos, H.M. (2009) Optimization of the Energy Management in Water Supply Systems. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply—WSTWS, 9, 59-65.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2009.768 [12] Vieira, F. and Ramos, H.M. (2008) Hybrid Solution and Pump-Storage Optimization in Water Supply System Efficiency: A Case Study. Energy Policy, 36, 4142-4148.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.07.040 [13] E-VALUE (2011) Energy and CO2 Emissions—Technical Report (in Portuguese). [14] Goncalves, F.V., Costa, L.H. and Ramos, H.M. (2011) Best Economical Hybrid Energy Solution: Model Development and Case Study of a WDS in Portugal. Energy Policy, 39, 3361-3369. [15] Ramos, H.M., Kenov, K.N. and Vieira, F. (2011) Environmentally Friendly Hybrid Solutions to Improve the Energy and Hydraulic Efficiency in Water Supply Systems. Energy for Sustainable Development, Elsevier, 15, 436-442. [16] Ramos, H.M. (2012) Pumped-Storage and Hybrid Energy Solutions towards the Improvement of Energy Efficiency in Water Systems. INTECH.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50024 [17] Wood, L. (2011) Manage Renewable Risk: Assessing Offshore Margins. Renewable Energy World Magazine.
http://library.certh.gr/libfiles/E-JOURS/FULL-TXT/REW-V-14-I-
6-PP-124-Y-ND-2011.pdf. [18] Ramos, H.M., Mello, M. and De, P.K. (2010) Clean Power in Water Supply Systems as a Sustainable Solution: From Conceptual to Practical Analysis. IWA Publishing, Water Science & Technology: Water Supply—WSTWS, 10, 39-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.720 [19] Ramos, H. (2000) Guidelines for Design of Small Hydropower Plants. WREAN (Western Regional Energy Agency and Network) and DED (Department of Economic Development-Energy Division), Belfast, N. pages: 205. [20] EDP (2010) New Hydropower Plants. Technical Report.
www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt [21] Hey, C. (2012) EU Governance for a Sustainable Energy Mix. Advisory Council on the Environment, Berlin. [22] Kimmins, J.P. (2001) The Ethics of Energy: A Framework for Action. In: Kimmins, J.P., Eds., Chairperson of the COMEST Sub-Commissionon the Ethics of Energy, UNESCO, Paris. [23] Brecher, A. (2011) Assessment of Needs and Research Roadmaps for Rechargeable Energy Storage System Onboard Electric Drive Buses. Federal Report No. FTA-TRI-MA-26-7125-2011.1. [24] Deane, J.P., Gallachoir, B.P. and Mckeogh, E.J. (2010) Techno-Economic Review of Existing and New Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Plant. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14, 1293-1302.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2009.11.015 [25] Tam, S.W., Blomquist, C.A. and Kartsounes, G.T. (1979) Underground Pumped Hydro Storage—An Overview. Energy Sources, 4, 329-351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00908317908908068 [26] EDP (2012) The Alqueva II and SalamondeII Upgrade Projects in Portugal. Technical Report. [27] Zuber, M. (2011) Renaissance for Pumped-Storage in Europe. HRW-Hydro Review Worldwide.
http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/print/volume-19/issue-3/
articles/new-development/renaissance-for-
pumped-storage-in-europe.html [28] ECOPROG (2011) Ecoprog GmbH Consulting Group.
www.ecoprog.com [29] FEPC (2010) Electricity Review Japan. The Federation of Electricity Companies of Japan.
http://www.fepc.or.jp/english/library/electricity_eview_japan/index.html [30] Fujihara, T., Imano, H. and Oshima, K. (1998) Development of Pump Turbine for Seawater Pumped-Storage Power Plant. Hitachi Review, 47, 199-202. [31] Seawater Pumped-Storage Power Plant. Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. (J-Power)
http://www.kankeiren.or.jp/kankyou/en/pdf/en108.pdf [32] Yang, C.J. and Jackson, R. (2011) Opportunities and Barriers to Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage in the United States. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 839-844.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.020