Synthesis, Characterization and Utilization of Starch Hydroxypropyl Sulphate for Cationic Dye Removal
ABSTRACT
The best conditions for synthesis of starch hydroxypropyl sulphate as per the dry method were firstly established. This was done through a thorough investigation into factors affecting the synthesis including concentrations of both the NaOH catalyst and the 2-hydroxy-3-chloropropyl sulphate along with duration and temperature of the reaction. The resultant newly synthesized 2-hydroxy-3-chloropropyl sulphate was then reacted with starch to obtain starch hydroxypropyl sulphate ultimately. After being characterized by making use of IR spectroscopy analysis and scanning electronic microscope, the starch hydroxypropyl sulphate samples were submitted to evaluation for cationic dye removal using Methylene Blue (MB). Cationic dye removal was studied under a variety of conditions. Factors involved encompass initial dye concentration, duration, sulphur %, pH and adsorbent dose. 100% dye removal could be achieved under certain conditions which were described in the text.
The best conditions for synthesis of starch hydroxypropyl sulphate as per the dry method were firstly established. This was done through a thorough investigation into factors affecting the synthesis including concentrations of both the NaOH catalyst and the 2-hydroxy-3-chloropropyl sulphate along with duration and temperature of the reaction. The resultant newly synthesized 2-hydroxy-3-chloropropyl sulphate was then reacted with starch to obtain starch hydroxypropyl sulphate ultimately. After being characterized by making use of IR spectroscopy analysis and scanning electronic microscope, the starch hydroxypropyl sulphate samples were submitted to evaluation for cationic dye removal using Methylene Blue (MB). Cationic dye removal was studied under a variety of conditions. Factors involved encompass initial dye concentration, duration, sulphur %, pH and adsorbent dose. 100% dye removal could be achieved under certain conditions which were described in the text.
Cite this paper
Hebeish, A. and Aly, A. (2014) Synthesis, Characterization and Utilization of Starch Hydroxypropyl Sulphate for Cationic Dye Removal. International Journal of Organic Chemistry, 4, 208-217. doi: 10.4236/ijoc.2014.43024.
Hebeish, A. and Aly, A. (2014) Synthesis, Characterization and Utilization of Starch Hydroxypropyl Sulphate for Cationic Dye Removal. International Journal of Organic Chemistry, 4, 208-217. doi: 10.4236/ijoc.2014.43024.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.05.020 [20] El-Rehim, H.A. and Diaa, D.A. (2012) Radiation-Induced Eco-Compatible Sulfonated Starch/Acrylic Acid Graft Copolymers for Sucrose Hydrolysis. Carbohydrate Polymers, 87, 1905-1912.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.072 [21] Cui, D., Liu, M., Wu, L. and Bi, Y. (2009) Synthesis of Potato Starch Sulfate and Optimization of the Reaction Conditions. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 44, 294-299.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.01.003 [22] Lin, J., Wu, X., Fang, L., Lin, D. and Yao, S. (2009) Preparation of Starch Sulphate Using Concentrated Sulfuric Acid and Propanol. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities, 23, 455-459. [23] Cui, D., Liu, M., Zhang, B., Gong, H. and Bi, Y. (2011) Optimization of Reaction Conditions for Potato Starch Sulphate and Its Chemical and Structural Characterization. Starch-Starke, 63, 354-363.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/star.201000033 [24] Klimov, V.A. (1975) Basic Methods of Organic Microanalysis. Chapter 5, Mir. Publishers, Moscow. [25] Vogel, A.I. (1972) A Text-Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis. 3rd Edition, Longman Group Ltd., London, 402-404. [26] Chiovitti, A., Bacic, A., Craik, D.J., Kraft, G.T., Liao, M.L., Falshaw, R., et al. (1998) A Pyruvated Carrageenan from Australian Specimens of the Red Alga Sarconema filiforme. Carbohydrate Research, 310, 77-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(98)00170-0 [27] Xing, G.X., Zhang, S.F., Ju, B.Z. and Yang, J.Z. (2006) Study on Adsorption Behavior of Crosslinked Cationic Starch Maleate for Chromium(VI). Carbohydrate Polymers, 66, 246-251.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.030 [29] Hameed, B.H., Mahmoud D.K. and Ahmad A.L. (2008) Sorption of Basic Dye from Aqueous Solution by Pomelo(Citrus grandis) Peel in a Batch System. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 316, 78-84.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.08.033 [30] Mall, I.D., Srivastava, V.C. and Agarwal, N.K. (2006) Removal of Orange-G and Methyl Violet Dyes by Adsorption onto Bagasse Fly Ash—Kinetic Study and Equilibrium Isotherm Analyses. Dyes & Pigments, 69, 210-223.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.03.013
[1] Brostow, W., Pal, S. and Singh, R.P. (2007) A Model of Flocculation, Materials Letters, 61, 4381-4384.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.02.007 [2] Wang, C.C., Juang, L.C., Hsu, T.C., Lee, C.K., Lee, J.F. and Huang, F.C.(2004) Adsorption of Basic Dyes onto Montmorillonite. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 273, 80-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2003.12.028 [3] Tsai, W.T., Chang, Y.M., Lai, C.W. and Lo, C.C. (2005) Adsorption of Basic Dyes in Aqueous Solution by Clay Adsorbent from Regenerated Bleaching Earth. Applied Clay Science, 29, 149-154.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2004.10.004 [4] Bilgic, C. (2005) Investigation of the Factors Affecting Organic Cation Adsorption on Some Silicate Minerals. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 281, 33-38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.08.038 [5] Wang, S., Zhua, Z. and Coomes, A. (2005) The Physical and Surface Chemical Characteristics of Activated Carbons and the Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Wastewater. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 284, 440-446.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.10.050 [6] Kumar, K.V., Ramamurthi, V. and Sivanesan, S. (2005) Modeling the Mechanism Involved during the Sorption of Methylene Blue Onto Fly Ash. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 284, 14-21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2004.09.063 [7] Janos, P., Buchtova, H. and Ryznarova, M. (2003) Sorption of Dyes from Aqueous Solutions onto Fly Ash. Water Research, 37, 4938-4944.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.08.011 [8] Inthorn, D., Singhtho, S., Thiravetyan, P. and Khan, E. (2004) Decolorization of Basic Direct and Reactive Dyes by Pre-Treated Narrow-Leaved Cattail (Typha angustifolia Linn.). Bioresource Technology, 94, 299-306.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.01.002 [9] Xu S.M., Wang, J.L., Wu, R.L., Wang, J.D and Li, H. (2006) Adsorption Behaviors of Acid and Basic Dyes on Crosslinked Amphoteric Starch. Chemical Engineering Journal, 117, 161-167.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2005.12.012 [10] Garg, V.K., Amita, M. and Kumar, R. (2004) Basic Dye (Methylene Blue) Removal from Simulated Wastewater by Adsorption Using Indian Rosewood Sawdust: A Timber Industry Waste. Dyes Pigments, 63, 243-250.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2004.03.005 [11] Chiou, M.S. and Li, H.Y. (2002) Equilibrium and Kinetic Modeling of Adsorption of Reactive Dye on Cross-Linked Chitosan Beads. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 93, 233-248.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00030-4 [12] Delval, F., Crini, G., Bertini, S., Filiatre, C. and Torri, G. (2005) Preparation, Characterization and Sorption Properties of Crosslinked Starch-Based Exchangers. Carbohydrate Polymers, 60, 67-75.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.11.025 [13] Adebowale, K.O. and Lawal, O.S. (2003) Functional Properties and Retrogradation Behaviour of Native and Chemically Modified Starch of Mucuna Bean (Mucuna pruriens). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 83, 1541-1546.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1569 [14] Zhan, G.P., Huang, K.L. and Zhang, F.W. (2005) The Study on Synthesis of Anion Starch Microspheres. New Chemical Materials, 33, 44-46. [15] Zhao, Y. and Wen, J. (2006) Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Starch for Water Treatment. Technology of Water Treatment, 32, 76-77. [16] Khalil, M.I. and Aly, A.A. (2002) Preparation and Evaluation of Some Anionic Starch Derivatives as Flocculants. Starch-Starke, 54, 132-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-379X(200204)54:3/4<132::AID-STAR132>3.0.CO;2-E [17] Fa, C. and Gui, H. (2006) Synthesis and Properties of Sulfonated Starch as Superplasticizer. Fine Chemicals, 23, 711-716. [18] Vieira, M.C., Klemm, D., Einfeldt, L. and Albrecht, G. (2005) Dispersing Agents for Cement Based on Modified Poly-saccharides. Cement and Concrete Research, 35, 883-890.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.022 [19] Zhang, D.F., Ju, B.Z., Zhang, S.F. and Yang, J.Z. (2008) The Study on the Synthesis and Action Mechanism of Starch Succinate Half Ester as Water-Reducing Agent with Super Retarding Performance. Carbohydrate Polymers, 71, 80-84.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.05.020 [20] El-Rehim, H.A. and Diaa, D.A. (2012) Radiation-Induced Eco-Compatible Sulfonated Starch/Acrylic Acid Graft Copolymers for Sucrose Hydrolysis. Carbohydrate Polymers, 87, 1905-1912.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.09.072 [21] Cui, D., Liu, M., Wu, L. and Bi, Y. (2009) Synthesis of Potato Starch Sulfate and Optimization of the Reaction Conditions. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 44, 294-299.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.01.003 [22] Lin, J., Wu, X., Fang, L., Lin, D. and Yao, S. (2009) Preparation of Starch Sulphate Using Concentrated Sulfuric Acid and Propanol. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities, 23, 455-459. [23] Cui, D., Liu, M., Zhang, B., Gong, H. and Bi, Y. (2011) Optimization of Reaction Conditions for Potato Starch Sulphate and Its Chemical and Structural Characterization. Starch-Starke, 63, 354-363.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/star.201000033 [24] Klimov, V.A. (1975) Basic Methods of Organic Microanalysis. Chapter 5, Mir. Publishers, Moscow. [25] Vogel, A.I. (1972) A Text-Book of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis. 3rd Edition, Longman Group Ltd., London, 402-404. [26] Chiovitti, A., Bacic, A., Craik, D.J., Kraft, G.T., Liao, M.L., Falshaw, R., et al. (1998) A Pyruvated Carrageenan from Australian Specimens of the Red Alga Sarconema filiforme. Carbohydrate Research, 310, 77-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(98)00170-0 [27] Xing, G.X., Zhang, S.F., Ju, B.Z. and Yang, J.Z. (2006) Study on Adsorption Behavior of Crosslinked Cationic Starch Maleate for Chromium(VI). Carbohydrate Polymers, 66, 246-251.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2006.03.005 [28] Zhong, K., Lin, Z.T., Zheng, X.L., Jiang, G.B., Fang, Y.S., Mao, X.Y. and Liao, Z.W. (2013) Starch Derivative-Based Superabsorbent with Integration of Water-Retaining and Controlled-Release Fertilizers. Carbohydrate Polymers, 92, 1367-1376.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.10.030 [29] Hameed, B.H., Mahmoud D.K. and Ahmad A.L. (2008) Sorption of Basic Dye from Aqueous Solution by Pomelo(Citrus grandis) Peel in a Batch System. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 316, 78-84.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.08.033 [30] Mall, I.D., Srivastava, V.C. and Agarwal, N.K. (2006) Removal of Orange-G and Methyl Violet Dyes by Adsorption onto Bagasse Fly Ash—Kinetic Study and Equilibrium Isotherm Analyses. Dyes & Pigments, 69, 210-223.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2005.03.013