[1] Allison, S., Bauermeister, J. A., Bull, S., Lightfoot, M., Mustanski, B., Shegog, R., & Levine, D. (2012). The Intersection of Youth, Technology, and New Media with Sexual Health: Moving the Research Agenda Forward. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 207-212.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.06.012
[2] Askar, P., Yavuz, H., & Köksal, M. (1992). Students’ Perceptions of Computer-Assisted Instruction Environment and Their Attitudes towards Computer-Assisted Learning. Educational Research, 34, 133-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0013188920340204
[3] Bandura, A. (1985). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
[4] Bartholomew, L. K., Parcel, G. S., Kok, G., & Gottlieb, N. (2006). Planning Health Promotion Programs: An Intervention Mapping Approach (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
[5] Basen-Engquist, K., O’Hara-Tompkins, N., Lovato, C. Y., Lewis, M. J., Parcel, G. S., & Gingiss, P. (1994). The Effect of Two Types of Teacher Training on Implementation of Smart Choices: A Tobacco Prevention Curriculum. Journal of School Health, 64, 334-339.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.1994.tb03323.x
[6] Basen-Engquist, K., Masse, L. C., Coyle, K., Kirby, D., Parcel, G. S., Banspach, S., & Nodora, J. (1999). Validity of Scales Measuring the Psychosocial Determinants of HIV/STD-Related Risk Behavior in Adolescents. Health Education Research, 14, 25-38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/14.1.25
[7] Borawski, E. A., Trapl, E. S., Lovegreen, L. D., Colabianchi, N., & Block, T. (2005). Effectiveness of Abstinence-Only Intervention in Middle School Teens. American Journal of Health Behavior, 29, 423-434.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.29.5.5
[8] Brink, S. G., Levenson-Gingiss, P., & Gottlieb, N. H. (1991). An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Planned Diffusion Process: The Smoke-Free Class of 2000 Project in Texas. Health Education Research, 6, 353-362.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/6.3.353
[9] Buston, K., Wight, D., Hart, G., & Scott, S. (2002). Implementation of a Teacher-Delivered Sex Education Programme: Obstacles and Facilitating Factors. Health Education Research, 17, 59-72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/17.1.59
[10] Card, J. J., Kuhn, T., Solomon, J., Benner, T. A., Wingood, G. M., & DiClemente, R. J. (2011a). Translating an Effective Group-Based HIV Prevention Program to a Program Delivered Primarily by Computer: Methods and Outcomes. AIDS Education and Prevention, 23, 159-174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2011.23.2.159
[11] Card, J. J., Solomon, J., & Cunningham, D. (2011b). How to Adapt Effective Programs for Use in New Contexts. Health Promotion Practice, 12, 25-35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839909348592
[12] Coyle, K. K., Kirby, D. B., Marín, B. V., Gómez, C. A., & Gregorich, S. E. (2004). Draw the Line/Respect the Line: A Randomized Trial of a Middle School Intervention to Reduce Sexual Risk Behaviors. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 843-851.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.94.5.843
[13] Darroch, J. E., Landry, D. J., & Singh, S. (2000). Changing Emphases in Sexuality Education in U.S. Public Secondary Schools, 1988-1999. Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 204-211,265.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2648173
[14] Di, N. J., Schinke, S. P., Pena, J. B., & Schwinn, T. M. (2004). Evaluation of a Brief Computer-Mediated Intervention to Reduce HIV Risk among Early Adolescent Females. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35, 62-64.
[15] Flay, B. R., & Petratis, J. (1994). The Theory of Triadic Influence: A New Theory of Health Behavior with Implications for Preventive Interventions. In G. S. Albrecht (Ed.), Advances in Medical Sociology, A Reconsideration of Models of Behavior Change (Vol. IV, pp. 19-44). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
[16] Forhan, S. E., Gottlieb, S. L., Sternberg, M. R., Xu, F., Datta, S. D., McQuillan, G. M., Berman, S. M., & Markowitz, L. E. (2009). Prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Female Adolescents Aged 14 to 19 in the United States. Pediatrics, 124, 1505-1512.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0674
[17] Harshbarger, C., Simmons, G., Coelho, H., Sloop, K., & Collins, C. (2006). An Empirical Assessment of Implementation, Adaptation, and Tailoring: The Evaluation of CDC’s National Diffusion of VOICES/VOCES. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18, 184-197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2006.18.supp.184
[18] Health Games Research (2013). Health Games Research: Advancing Effectiveness of Interactive Games for Health.
http://www.healthgamesresearch.org
[19] Hieftje, K., Edelman, J., Camenga, D. R., & Fiellin, L. E. (2013). Electronic Media-Based Health Interventions Promoting Behavior Change in Youth: A Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatrics, 167, 574-580.
[20] Ingram, B. L., Flannery, D., Elkavich, A., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2008). Common Processes in Evidence-Based Adolescent HIV Prevention Programs. AIDS and Behavior, 12, 374-383.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10461-008-9369-1
[21] Kann, L., Telljohann, S. K., & Wooley, S. F. (2007). Health Education: Results from the School Health Policies and Programs Study 2006. Journal of School Health, 77, 408-434.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2007.00228.x
[22] Kann, L. K. (1987). Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Selected Interaction Skills Related to Responsible Sexuality. Journal of School Health, 57, 282-287.
[23] Kiene, S. M., & Barta, W. D. (2006). A Brief Individualized Computer-Delivered Sexual Risk Reduction Intervention Increases HIV/AIDS Preventive Behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 404-410.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.029
[24] Kirby, D. (2002). The Impact of Schools and School Programs upon Adolescent Sexual Behavior. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 27-33.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224490209552116
[25] Kirby, D. (2007). Emerging Answers 2007: Research Findings on Programs to Reduce Teen Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Washington DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy.
[26] Komro, K. A., Perry, C. L., Williams, C. L., Stigler, M. H., Farbakhsh, K., & Veblen-Mortenson, S. (2001). How Did Project Northland Reduce Alcohol Use among Young Adolescents? Analysis of Mediating Variables. Health Education Research, 16, 59-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/16.1.59
[27] Landry, D. J., Singh, S., & Darroch, J. E. (2000). Sexuality Education in Fifth and Sixth Grades in U.S. Public Schools, 1999. Family Planning Perspectives, 32, 212-219.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2648174
[28] Lesesne, C. A., Lewis, K. M., White, C. P., Green, D. C., Duffy, J. L., & Wandersman, A. (2008). Promoting Science Based Approaches to Teen Pregnancy Prevention: Proactively Engaging the Three Systems of the Interactive Systems Framework. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 379-392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-008-9175-y
[29] Levesque, R. J. R. (2000). Sexuality Education: What Adolescents’ Educational Rights Require. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 6, 953-988.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.6.4.953
[30] Lightfoot, M., Comulada, W. S., & Stover, G. (2007). Computerized HIV Preventive Intervention for Adolescents: Indications of Efficacy. American Journal of Public Health, 97, 1027-1030.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2005.072652
[31] Markham, C. M., Basen-Engquist, K., Coyle, K. K., Addy, R. C., & Parcel, G. S. (2002). Safer Choices, a School-Based HIV, STD, and Pregnancy Prevention Program for Adolescents: Process Evaluation Issues Related to Curriculum Implementation. In A. Steckler, & L. Linnan (Eds.), Process Evaluation for Public Health Interventions and Research (pp. 209-248) San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
[32] Markham, C. M., Tortolero, S. R., Peskin, M. F., Shegog, R., Thiel, M., Baumler, E. R., Addy, R. C., Escobar-Chaves, S. L., Reininger, B., & Robin, L. (2012). Sexual Risk Avoidance and Sexual Risk Reduction Interventions for Middle School Youth: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50, 279-288.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.07.010
[33] Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Osterman, M. J. K., Curtin, S. C., & Mathews, T. J. (2013). Births: Final Data for 2012. USDHHS National Vital Statistics Reports, 62.
[34] Martinez, G., Abma, J., & Copen, C. (2010). Educating Teenagers about Sex in the United States. NCHS Data Brief, No. 44, 1-8.
[35] Morrison, D. M., Hoppe, M. J., Wells, E. A., Beadnell, B. A., Wilsdon, A., Higa, D., Gillmore, M. R., & Casey, E. A. (2007). Replicating a Teen HIV/STD Preventive Intervention in a Multicultural City. AIDS Education and Prevention, 19, 258-273.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2007.19.3.258
[36] National Center for Education Statistics (2008). Digest of Education Statistics, 2007. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.
[37] Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability Engineering. San Diego, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
[38] Noar, S. M., Black, H. G., & Pierce, L. B. (2009). Efficacy of Computer Technology-Based HIV Prevention Interventions: A Meta-Analysis. AIDS, 23, 107-115.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32831c5500
[39] Papastergiou, M. (2009). Exploring the Potential of Computer and Video Games for Health and Physical Activity Education: A Literature Review. Computers & Education, 53, 603-622.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.04.001
[40] Paperny, D. M., & Starn, J. R. (1989). Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention by Health Education Computer Games: Computer- Assisted Instruction of Knowledge and Attitudes. Pediatrics, 83, 742-752.
[41] Paulussen, T., Kok, G., & Schaalma, H. (1994). Antecedents to Adoption of Classroom-Based AIDS Education in Secondary Schools. Health Education Research, 9, 485-496.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/her/9.4.485
[42] Perry, C. L. (1999). Creating Health Behavior Change: How to Develop Community-Wide Programs for Youth. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
[43] Peskin, M. F., Hernandez, B. F., Johnson, K., Addy, R. C., Markham, C. M., Shegog, R., & Tortolero, S. R. (2011). Sexual Health Education from the Perspective of School Staff: Implications for Adoption and Implementation of Effective Programs in Middle School. Journal of Applied Research on Children: Informing Policy for Children at Risk, 2, Article 9.
http://digitalcommons.library.tmc.edu/childrenatrisk/vol2/iss2/9
[44] Philliber, S., & Nolte, K. (2008). Implementation Science: Promoting Science-Based Approaches to Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Prevention Science, 9, 166-177.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-008-0094-9
[45] Primack, B. A., Carroll, M. V., McNamara, M., Klem, M. L., King, B., Rich, M., Chan, C. W., & Nayak, S. (2012). Role of Video Games in Improving Health-Related Outcomes. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42, 630-638.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.02.023
[46] Rebchook, G. M., Kegeles, S. M., Huebner, D., & TRIP Research Team (2006). Translating Research into Practice: The Dissemination and Initial Implementation of an Evidence-Based HIV Prevention Program. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18, 119-136.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2006.18.supp.119
[47] Roberto, A., Zimmerman, R. S., Carlyle, K., Abner, E., Cupp, P., & Hansen, G. L. (2007). The Effects of a Computer-Based HIV, STD, and Pregnancy Prevention Intervention: A Nine-School Trial. Health Communication, 21, 115-124.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10410230701306990
[48] Rolleri, L. A., Wilson, M. M., Paluzzi, P. A., & Sedivy, V. J. (2008). Building Capacity of State Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Coalitions to Implement Science-Based Approaches. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 225-234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-008-9177-9
[49] Schaalma, H. P., Abraham, C., Gillmore, M. R., & Kok, G. (2004). Sex Education as Health Promotion: What Does It Take? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33, 259-269.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:ASEB.0000026625.65171.1d
[50] Shegog, R., Markham, C., Peskin, M., Dancel, M., Coton, C., & Tortolero, S. (2007). “It’s Your Game”: An Innovative Multimedia Virtual World to Prevent HIV/STI and Pregnancy in Middle School Youth. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 129, 983-987.
[51] Story, M., Lytle, L. A., Birnbaum, A. S., & Perry, C. L. (2002). Peer-Led, School-Based Nutrition Education for Young Adolescents: Feasibility and Process Evaluation of the TEENS Study. The Journal of School Health, 72, 121-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2002.tb06529.x
[52] Thomas, R., Cahill, J., & Santilli, L. (1997). Using an Interactive Computer Game to Increase Skill and Self-Efficacy Regarding Safer Sex Negotiation: Field Test Results. Health Education and Behavior, 24, 54-70.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019819702400108
[53] Tortolero, S. R., Markham, C. M., Peskin, M. F., Shegog, R., Addy, R. C., Escobar-Chaves, S. L., & Baumler, E. R. (2010). It’s Your Game: Keep It Real: Delaying Sexual Behavior with an Effective Middle School Program. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, 169-179.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.06.008
[54] USDHHS & ACF (2014). PREP Grants. http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/fysb/resource/prep-fact-sheet
[55] Velasquez, M. M., Gaddy-Maurer, G., Crouch, C., & DiClemente, C. C. (2001). Group Treatment for Substance Abuse: A Stages-of-Change Therapy Manual. New York: The Guilford Press.
[56] Wikipedia. Proof of Concept. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_of_concept
[57] Wikipedia. Software Design Document. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_design_document
[58] Wingood, G. M., & DiClemente, R. J. (2008). The ADAPT-ITT Model. A Novel Strategy of Adapting Evidence-Based HIV Interventions. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 47, S40-S46.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181605df1