Assessment of Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) in Silty Sands Using Artificial Neural Networks
Affiliation(s)
School of Faculty Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Agriculture, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
School of Faculty Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Agriculture, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
ABSTRACT
In this study, a backpropagation neural network algorithm was developed in order to predict the liquefaction cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) of sand-silt mixtures. A database, consisting of sufficient published data of laboratory cyclic triaxial, torsional shear and simple shear tests results, was collected and utilized in the ANN model. Several ANN models were developed with different sets of input parameters in order to determine the model with best performance and preciseness. It has been illustrated that the proposed ANN model can predict the measured CRR of the different data set which was not incorporated in the developing phase of the model with the good degree of accuracy. The subsequent sensitivity analysis was performed to compare the effect of each parameter in the model with the laboratory test results. At the end, the participation or relative importance of each parameter in the ANN model was obtained.
In this study, a backpropagation neural network algorithm was developed in order to predict the liquefaction cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) of sand-silt mixtures. A database, consisting of sufficient published data of laboratory cyclic triaxial, torsional shear and simple shear tests results, was collected and utilized in the ANN model. Several ANN models were developed with different sets of input parameters in order to determine the model with best performance and preciseness. It has been illustrated that the proposed ANN model can predict the measured CRR of the different data set which was not incorporated in the developing phase of the model with the good degree of accuracy. The subsequent sensitivity analysis was performed to compare the effect of each parameter in the model with the laboratory test results. At the end, the participation or relative importance of each parameter in the ANN model was obtained.
Cite this paper
Sharafi, H. and Jalili, S. (2014) Assessment of Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) in Silty Sands Using Artificial Neural Networks. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 4, 217-228. doi: 10.4236/ojce.2014.43019.
Sharafi, H. and Jalili, S. (2014) Assessment of Cyclic Resistance Ratio (CRR) in Silty Sands Using Artificial Neural Networks. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 4, 217-228. doi: 10.4236/ojce.2014.43019.
References
[1] Haykin, S. (1999) Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 161-187. [2] Ali, H. and Najjar, Y. (1999) Neuronet-Based Approach for Assessing the Liquefaction Potential of Soils. Transportation Research Record 1633, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 3-8. [3] Ghaboussi, J. (1992) Potential Applications of Neurobiological Computational Models in Geotechnical Engineering. In: Pande, G.N. and Pietruszezak, S., Eds., Numerical Models in Geotechnics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 543-555. [4] Goh, A.T.C. (1996) Neural-Network Modeling of CPT Seismic Liquefaction Data. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 122, 70-73.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:1(70) [5] Kiefa, M.A.A. (1998) General Regression Neural Networks for Driven Piles in Cohesionless Soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 124, 1177-1185.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:12(1177) [6] Kurup, P.U. and Dudani, N.K. (2002) Neural Networks for Profiling Stress History of Clays from PCPT Data. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 128, 569-579.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:7(569) [7] Baziar, M.H. and Nilipour, N. (2003) Eval-uation of Liquefaction Potential Using Neural-Networks and CPT Results. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 23, 631-636.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(03)00068-X [8] Baziar, M.H. and Ghorbani, A. (2005) Evaluation of Lateral Spreading Using Artificial Neural Networks. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 25, 1-9.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.09.001 [9] Baziar, M.H. and Jafarian, Y. (2007) Assessment of Liquefaction Triggering Using Strain Energy Concept and ANN Model: Capacity Energy. Soil Dynamics and Earth-quake Engineering, 27, 1056-1072.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.03.007 [10] Juang, C.H., Yuan, H., Lee, D.-H. and Lin, P.-S. (2003) Simplified Cone Penetration Test-Based Method for Evaluating Liquefaction Resistance of Soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129, 66-80.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:1(66) [11] Rahman, M.S. and Wung, J. (2001) Lique-faction Prediction Using Fuzzy Neural Network Model Based on SPT. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Istanbul, 27-31 August 2001. [12] Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M. (1971) Simplified Procedure for Evaluating Soil Liquefaction Potential. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 97, 1249-1273. [13] Liang, L. (1995) Development of an Energy Method for Evaluating the Liquefaction Potential of a Soil Deposit. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. [14] Kim, Y.-S. and Kim, B.-T. (2006) Use of Artificial Neural Networks in the Prediction of Liquefaction Resistance of Sands. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132, 1502-1504.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:11(1502) [15] Sharafi, H. (2010) Evaluation of Lique-faction Potential and Earthquake-Induced Excess Pore Pressure in Silty Soils Using Energy Measures. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran. [16] Baziar, M.H. and Sharafi, H. (2011) Assessment of Silty Sand Liquefaction Potential Using Hollow Torsional Tests— An Energy Approach. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 31, 857-865.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.12.014 [17] Baziar, M.H., Shahnazari, H. and Sharafi, H. (2011) A Laboratory Study on the Pore Pressure Generation Model for Firouzkooh Silty Sands Using Hollow Torsional Test. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 9, 126-134. [18] Green, R.A. (2001) Energy-Based Evaluation and Re-mediation of Liquefiable Soils. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Black-sburg. [19] Xenaki, V.C. and Athanasopoulos, G.A. (2003) Liquefaction Resistance of Sand-Silt Mixtures: An Expe-rimental Investigation of the Effect of Fines. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 23, 183-194.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00210-5 [20] Kanagalingam, T. (2006) Liquefaction Resistance of Granular Mixes Based on Contact Density and Energy Considerations. Ph.D. Dissertation, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo. [21] Zhou, Y.-G. and Chen, Y.-M. (2007) Laboratory Investigation on Assessing Li-quefaction Resistance of Sandy Soils by Shear Wave Velocity. J Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng, 21. [22] Houng, Y.-T., Huang, A.-B., Kuo, Y.-Ch. and Tsai, M.-D. (2004) A Laboratory Study on the Undrained Strength of a Silty Sand from Central Western Taiwan. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24, 733-743.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.06.013 [23] Silver, M.L., Chan, C.K., Ladd, R.S., Lee, K.L., Tiedemann, D.A., Townsend, F.C., Valera, J.E. and Wilson, J.H. (1976) Cyclic Triaxial Strength of Standard Test Sand. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 102, 511-523. [24] Carraro, J.A.H., Bandini, P. and Salgado, R. (2003) Liquefaction Resistance of Clean and NonplasticSilty Sands Based on Cone Penetration Resistance. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 129, 965-976.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:11(965) [25] Amini, F. and Qi, G.Z. (2000) Liquefaction Testing of Stratified Silty Sands. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 126, 208-217.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:3(208) [26] Dief, H.M. (2000) Evaluating the Liquefac-tion Potential of Soils by the Energy Method in the Centrifuge. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. [27] Ishihara, K. and Yasuda, S. (1975) Sand Liquefaction in Hollow Cylinder Torsion under Irregular Excitation. Soils and Foundations, 15, 45-59.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.15.45 [28] Lade, P.V. and Yamamuro, J.A. (1997) Effects of Non-Plastic Fines on Static Liquefaction of Sands. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 34, 918-928.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1139/t97-052 [29] Thevanayagam, S., Ravishankar, K. and Mohan, S. (1997) Effects of Fines on Monotonic Undrained Shear Strength of Sandy Soils. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 20, 394-406.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10406J [30] Thevanayagam, S. (1998) Effect of Fines and Confining Stress on Undrained Shear Strength of Silty Sands. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 124, 479-491.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:6(479) [31] Koester, J.P. (1994) The Influence of Fine Type and Content on Cyclic Strength. Ground Failures under Seismic Conditions. Geotechnical Special Publication, No. 44, 330-345. [32] Hazirbaba, K. (2005) Pore Pressure Generation Characteristics of Sands and Silty Sands: A Strain Approach. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Texas at Austin, Austin. [33] Polito, C.P. (1999) The Effects of Non-Plastic and Plastic Fines on the Liquefaction of Sandy Soils. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. [34] Polito, C.P. and Martin II, J.R. (2001) Effects of Non-Plastic Fines on the Liquefaction Resistance of Sands. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 127, 408-415.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:5(408) [35] Lee, K.L. and Seed, H.B. (1967) Cyclic Stress Conditions Causing Liquefaction of Sand. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 93, 47-70. [36] Garson, G.D. (1991) Interpreting Neural Network Connection Weights. AI Expert, 6, 47-51.
[1] Haykin, S. (1999) Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 161-187. [2] Ali, H. and Najjar, Y. (1999) Neuronet-Based Approach for Assessing the Liquefaction Potential of Soils. Transportation Research Record 1633, Transportation Research Board, Washington DC, 3-8. [3] Ghaboussi, J. (1992) Potential Applications of Neurobiological Computational Models in Geotechnical Engineering. In: Pande, G.N. and Pietruszezak, S., Eds., Numerical Models in Geotechnics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 543-555. [4] Goh, A.T.C. (1996) Neural-Network Modeling of CPT Seismic Liquefaction Data. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 122, 70-73.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:1(70) [5] Kiefa, M.A.A. (1998) General Regression Neural Networks for Driven Piles in Cohesionless Soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 124, 1177-1185.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:12(1177) [6] Kurup, P.U. and Dudani, N.K. (2002) Neural Networks for Profiling Stress History of Clays from PCPT Data. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 128, 569-579.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:7(569) [7] Baziar, M.H. and Nilipour, N. (2003) Eval-uation of Liquefaction Potential Using Neural-Networks and CPT Results. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 23, 631-636.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(03)00068-X [8] Baziar, M.H. and Ghorbani, A. (2005) Evaluation of Lateral Spreading Using Artificial Neural Networks. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 25, 1-9.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.09.001 [9] Baziar, M.H. and Jafarian, Y. (2007) Assessment of Liquefaction Triggering Using Strain Energy Concept and ANN Model: Capacity Energy. Soil Dynamics and Earth-quake Engineering, 27, 1056-1072.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.03.007 [10] Juang, C.H., Yuan, H., Lee, D.-H. and Lin, P.-S. (2003) Simplified Cone Penetration Test-Based Method for Evaluating Liquefaction Resistance of Soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129, 66-80.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:1(66) [11] Rahman, M.S. and Wung, J. (2001) Lique-faction Prediction Using Fuzzy Neural Network Model Based on SPT. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Istanbul, 27-31 August 2001. [12] Seed, H.B. and Idriss, I.M. (1971) Simplified Procedure for Evaluating Soil Liquefaction Potential. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 97, 1249-1273. [13] Liang, L. (1995) Development of an Energy Method for Evaluating the Liquefaction Potential of a Soil Deposit. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. [14] Kim, Y.-S. and Kim, B.-T. (2006) Use of Artificial Neural Networks in the Prediction of Liquefaction Resistance of Sands. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132, 1502-1504.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2006)132:11(1502) [15] Sharafi, H. (2010) Evaluation of Lique-faction Potential and Earthquake-Induced Excess Pore Pressure in Silty Soils Using Energy Measures. Ph.D. Dissertation, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran. [16] Baziar, M.H. and Sharafi, H. (2011) Assessment of Silty Sand Liquefaction Potential Using Hollow Torsional Tests— An Energy Approach. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 31, 857-865.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.12.014 [17] Baziar, M.H., Shahnazari, H. and Sharafi, H. (2011) A Laboratory Study on the Pore Pressure Generation Model for Firouzkooh Silty Sands Using Hollow Torsional Test. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 9, 126-134. [18] Green, R.A. (2001) Energy-Based Evaluation and Re-mediation of Liquefiable Soils. Ph.D. Dissertation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Black-sburg. [19] Xenaki, V.C. and Athanasopoulos, G.A. (2003) Liquefaction Resistance of Sand-Silt Mixtures: An Expe-rimental Investigation of the Effect of Fines. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 23, 183-194.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00210-5 [20] Kanagalingam, T. (2006) Liquefaction Resistance of Granular Mixes Based on Contact Density and Energy Considerations. Ph.D. Dissertation, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo. [21] Zhou, Y.-G. and Chen, Y.-M. (2007) Laboratory Investigation on Assessing Li-quefaction Resistance of Sandy Soils by Shear Wave Velocity. J Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng, 21. [22] Houng, Y.-T., Huang, A.-B., Kuo, Y.-Ch. and Tsai, M.-D. (2004) A Laboratory Study on the Undrained Strength of a Silty Sand from Central Western Taiwan. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 24, 733-743.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2004.06.013 [23] Silver, M.L., Chan, C.K., Ladd, R.S., Lee, K.L., Tiedemann, D.A., Townsend, F.C., Valera, J.E. and Wilson, J.H. (1976) Cyclic Triaxial Strength of Standard Test Sand. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 102, 511-523. [24] Carraro, J.A.H., Bandini, P. and Salgado, R. (2003) Liquefaction Resistance of Clean and NonplasticSilty Sands Based on Cone Penetration Resistance. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 129, 965-976.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:11(965) [25] Amini, F. and Qi, G.Z. (2000) Liquefaction Testing of Stratified Silty Sands. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 126, 208-217.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:3(208) [26] Dief, H.M. (2000) Evaluating the Liquefac-tion Potential of Soils by the Energy Method in the Centrifuge. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. [27] Ishihara, K. and Yasuda, S. (1975) Sand Liquefaction in Hollow Cylinder Torsion under Irregular Excitation. Soils and Foundations, 15, 45-59.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.15.45 [28] Lade, P.V. and Yamamuro, J.A. (1997) Effects of Non-Plastic Fines on Static Liquefaction of Sands. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 34, 918-928.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1139/t97-052 [29] Thevanayagam, S., Ravishankar, K. and Mohan, S. (1997) Effects of Fines on Monotonic Undrained Shear Strength of Sandy Soils. Geotechnical Testing Journal, 20, 394-406.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1520/GTJ10406J [30] Thevanayagam, S. (1998) Effect of Fines and Confining Stress on Undrained Shear Strength of Silty Sands. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 124, 479-491.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:6(479) [31] Koester, J.P. (1994) The Influence of Fine Type and Content on Cyclic Strength. Ground Failures under Seismic Conditions. Geotechnical Special Publication, No. 44, 330-345. [32] Hazirbaba, K. (2005) Pore Pressure Generation Characteristics of Sands and Silty Sands: A Strain Approach. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Texas at Austin, Austin. [33] Polito, C.P. (1999) The Effects of Non-Plastic and Plastic Fines on the Liquefaction of Sandy Soils. Ph.D. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg. [34] Polito, C.P. and Martin II, J.R. (2001) Effects of Non-Plastic Fines on the Liquefaction Resistance of Sands. Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, 127, 408-415.
http:///dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:5(408) [35] Lee, K.L. and Seed, H.B. (1967) Cyclic Stress Conditions Causing Liquefaction of Sand. Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 93, 47-70. [36] Garson, G.D. (1991) Interpreting Neural Network Connection Weights. AI Expert, 6, 47-51.