Shallow Reflection Surveys of the East Ongul Island, the Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica
Affiliation(s)
National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan. Hanshin Consultants Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan. GEOSYS Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan. Hanshin Consultants Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan. GEOSYS Inc., Tokyo, Japan.
ABSTRACT
The shallow reflection surveys were carried out in 2007 and 2010 austral summers in East Ongul Island, the Lützow-Holm Complex (LHC), East Antarctica. LHC is identified by geologically as one of the Pan-African terrains of Eastern Dronning Maud Land. The multi-channel reflection surveys targeted to achieve the image of laminated layering of metamorphic rocks near the surface (the depths down to a few hundreds of meters) of the crystalline crust. Two surveys were conducted in total length of the profiles about 500 m along a main traffic load across the East Ongul Island. The multi-channel acquisition systems were utilized with combining the dense geophones along the profiles. Seismic sources were adopted by combining the boom of a power shovel, a weight drop and hammer shots with their intervals in a few tens of meters. The obtained data include clear first P-arrivals in far offset distance. The energy of P-S converted waves was enhanced because of the characteristics of the seismic sources. Pre-stacked images could be expected to the information on metamorphic layering for several lithological structure composed by hornblende gneiss, garnet gneiss and pyroxene gneiss appearing as the surface bedrocks. The conducted shallow reflection surveys would give rise to one step for understanding tectonic formation of LHC, as one of the Pan-African mobile belts in Gondwana super-continent.
KEYWORDS
Shallow Reflection Surveys, Metamorphic Layering, Crustal Structure, Continental Evolution, East Antarctica
Shallow Reflection Surveys, Metamorphic Layering, Crustal Structure, Continental Evolution, East Antarctica
Cite this paper
Kanao, M. , Takemoto, T. , Fujiwara, A. , Ito, K. and Ikawa, T. (2014) Shallow Reflection Surveys of the East Ongul Island, the Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica. International Journal of Geosciences, 5, 1037-1047. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2014.59089.
Kanao, M. , Takemoto, T. , Fujiwara, A. , Ito, K. and Ikawa, T. (2014) Shallow Reflection Surveys of the East Ongul Island, the Lützow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica. International Journal of Geosciences, 5, 1037-1047. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2014.59089.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-3929-6_12 [7] Ellis, D.J. (1987) Origin and Evolution of Granulites in Normal and Thickened Crusts. Geology, 15, 167-170.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.01.028 [9] Shiraishi, K., Ellis, D.J., Hiroi, Y., Fanning, C.M., Motoyoshi, Y. and Nakai, Y. (1994) Cambrian Orogenic Belt in East Antarctica and Sri Lanka: Implications for Gondwana Assembly. The Journal of Geology, 102, 47-65.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629647 [10] Motoyoshi, Y., Matsubara, S. and Matsueda, H. (1989) P-T Evolution of the Granulite Facies Rocks of the Lutzow-Holm Bay Region, East Antarctica. In: Daly, J.S., Ed., Evolution of Metamorphic Belts, Blackwell, Oxford, 325-329. [11] Storey, B.C. (1995) The Role of Mantle Plumes in Continental Breakup: Case Histories from Gondwanaland. Nature, 377, 301-308.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/377301a0 [12] Kanao, M., Ishikawa, M., Yamashita, M., Kaminuma, K. and Brown, L.D. (2004) Structure and Evolution of the East Antarctic Lithosphere: Tectonic Implications for the Development and Dispersal of Gondwana. Gondwana Research, 7, 31-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70304-X [13] Yoshii, K., Ito, K., Miyamachi, H. and Kanao, M. (2004) Crustal Structure Derived from Refractions and Wide-Angle Reflections in the Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica. Polar Geoscience, 17, 112-138. [14] Miyamachi, H., Toda, S., Matsushima, T., Takada, M., Watanabe, A., Yamashita, M. and Kanao, M. (2003) Seismic Refraction and Wide-Angle Reflection Exploration by JARE-43 on Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica. Polar Geoscience, 16, 1-21. [15] Kanao, M., Fujiwara, A., Miyamachi, H., Toda, S., Tomura, M., Ito, K. and Ikawa, T. (2011) Reflection Imaging of the Crust and the Lithospheric Mantle in the Lutzow-Holm Complex, Eastern Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, Derived from the SEAL Transects. Tectonophysics, 508, 73-84.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.08.005 [16] Fitzsimons, I.C.W. (2000) A Review of Tectonic Events in the East Antarctic Shield and Their Implications for Gondwana and Earlier Supercontinents. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 31, 3-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(00)00069-5 [17] Yukutake, H. and Ito, K. (1984) Velocities of P and S Waves for Drilling CORE Rocks at Syowa Station, Antarctica. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research, 33, 17-27. [18] Barton, P.J. (1986) The Relationship between Seismic Velocity and Density in the Continental Crus—A Useful Constraint? Geophysical Journal International, 87, 195-208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb04553.x [19] Kitamura, K., Ishikawa, M., Arima, M. and Shiraishi, K. (2001) Laboratory Measurements of P-Wave Velocity of Granulites from Lutzow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica. Polar Geoscience, 14, 180-194. [20] Warner, M. (1990) Basalts, Water, or Shear Zones in the Lower Continental Crust. Tectonophysics, 173, 163-174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90214-S [21] Kanao, M. and Ishikawa, M. (2004) Origins of the Lower Crustal Reflectivity in the Lutzow-Holm Complex, Enderby Land, East Antarctica. Earth Planets Space, 56, 151-162. [22] Eisen, O., Hofstede, C. and Miller, H. (2010) A New Approach for Exploring Ice Sheets and Sub-Ice Geology. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 91, 429-430.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010EO460001
[1] Clowes, R.M., Cook, F.A., Hajnal, Z., Hall, J., Lewry, J., Lucas, S. and Wardle, R. (1999) Canada’s Lithoprobe Project (Collaborative Multidisciplinary Geo-Science Research Leads to New Understanding of Continental Evolution). Episodes, 22, 3-20. [2] Gabriela, F., Clowes, R.M. and Welford, J. (2005) Constraints on the Composition of the Crust and Uppermost Mantle in Northwestern Canada: Vp/Vs Variations along the Lithoprobe’s SNORCLE Transect. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42, 1205-1222.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-028 [3] Lynn, C., Cook, F.A. and Hall, K. (2005) Tectonic Significance of Potential-Field Anomalies in Western Canada: Results from the Lithoprobe’s SNORCLE Transect. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42, 1239-1255.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-037 [4] King, E.C. and Bell, A.C. (1997) Seismic Reflection Investigation of George VI Sound, Antarctic Peninsula. In: Ricci, C.A., Ed., The Antarctic Region: Geological Evolution and Processes, Terra Antarctica Publication, Siena, 697-703. [5] Vedova, B.D., Pellis, G., Trey, H., Zhang, J., Cooper, A.K., Makris, J. and the ACRUP Working Group (1997) Crustal Structure of the Transantarctic Mountains, Western Ross Sea. In: Ricci, C.A., Ed., The Antarctic Region: Geological Evolution and Processes, Terra Antarctica Publication, Siena, 609-618. [6] Harley, S. and Hensen, B.J. (1990) Archean and Proterozoic High-Grade Terranes of East Antarctica (40 - 80E): A Case Study of Diversity in Granulite Facies. In: Ashworth, J.R. and Brown, M., Eds., High Temperature Metamorphism and Crustal Anatexis, 320-370.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-3929-6_12 [7] Ellis, D.J. (1987) Origin and Evolution of Granulites in Normal and Thickened Crusts. Geology, 15, 167-170.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<167:OAEOGI>2.0.CO;2 [8] Goleby, B.R., Blewett, R.S., Fomin, T., Fishwick, S., Reading, A.M., Henson, P.A., Kennett, B.L.N., Champion, D.C., Jones, L., Drummond, B.J. and Nicoll, M. (2006) An Integrated Multi-Scale 3D Seismic Model of the Archaean Yilgarn Craton, Australia. Tectonophysics, 420, 75-90.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2006.01.028 [9] Shiraishi, K., Ellis, D.J., Hiroi, Y., Fanning, C.M., Motoyoshi, Y. and Nakai, Y. (1994) Cambrian Orogenic Belt in East Antarctica and Sri Lanka: Implications for Gondwana Assembly. The Journal of Geology, 102, 47-65.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629647 [10] Motoyoshi, Y., Matsubara, S. and Matsueda, H. (1989) P-T Evolution of the Granulite Facies Rocks of the Lutzow-Holm Bay Region, East Antarctica. In: Daly, J.S., Ed., Evolution of Metamorphic Belts, Blackwell, Oxford, 325-329. [11] Storey, B.C. (1995) The Role of Mantle Plumes in Continental Breakup: Case Histories from Gondwanaland. Nature, 377, 301-308.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/377301a0 [12] Kanao, M., Ishikawa, M., Yamashita, M., Kaminuma, K. and Brown, L.D. (2004) Structure and Evolution of the East Antarctic Lithosphere: Tectonic Implications for the Development and Dispersal of Gondwana. Gondwana Research, 7, 31-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70304-X [13] Yoshii, K., Ito, K., Miyamachi, H. and Kanao, M. (2004) Crustal Structure Derived from Refractions and Wide-Angle Reflections in the Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica. Polar Geoscience, 17, 112-138. [14] Miyamachi, H., Toda, S., Matsushima, T., Takada, M., Watanabe, A., Yamashita, M. and Kanao, M. (2003) Seismic Refraction and Wide-Angle Reflection Exploration by JARE-43 on Mizuho Plateau, East Antarctica. Polar Geoscience, 16, 1-21. [15] Kanao, M., Fujiwara, A., Miyamachi, H., Toda, S., Tomura, M., Ito, K. and Ikawa, T. (2011) Reflection Imaging of the Crust and the Lithospheric Mantle in the Lutzow-Holm Complex, Eastern Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, Derived from the SEAL Transects. Tectonophysics, 508, 73-84.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2010.08.005 [16] Fitzsimons, I.C.W. (2000) A Review of Tectonic Events in the East Antarctic Shield and Their Implications for Gondwana and Earlier Supercontinents. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 31, 3-23.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0899-5362(00)00069-5 [17] Yukutake, H. and Ito, K. (1984) Velocities of P and S Waves for Drilling CORE Rocks at Syowa Station, Antarctica. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research, 33, 17-27. [18] Barton, P.J. (1986) The Relationship between Seismic Velocity and Density in the Continental Crus—A Useful Constraint? Geophysical Journal International, 87, 195-208.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1986.tb04553.x [19] Kitamura, K., Ishikawa, M., Arima, M. and Shiraishi, K. (2001) Laboratory Measurements of P-Wave Velocity of Granulites from Lutzow-Holm Complex, East Antarctica. Polar Geoscience, 14, 180-194. [20] Warner, M. (1990) Basalts, Water, or Shear Zones in the Lower Continental Crust. Tectonophysics, 173, 163-174.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(90)90214-S [21] Kanao, M. and Ishikawa, M. (2004) Origins of the Lower Crustal Reflectivity in the Lutzow-Holm Complex, Enderby Land, East Antarctica. Earth Planets Space, 56, 151-162. [22] Eisen, O., Hofstede, C. and Miller, H. (2010) A New Approach for Exploring Ice Sheets and Sub-Ice Geology. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 91, 429-430.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010EO460001